Examine individual changes
This page allows you to examine the variables generated by the Edit Filter for an individual change.
Variables generated for this change
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
Edit count of the user ($1) (user_editcount) | 128260 |
Name of the user account ($1) (user_name) | 'Skyerise' |
Age of the user account ($1) (user_age) | 469025822 |
Groups (including implicit) the user is in ($1) (user_groups) | [
0 => 'extendedconfirmed',
1 => 'reviewer',
2 => 'rollbacker',
3 => '*',
4 => 'user',
5 => 'autoconfirmed'
] |
Rights that the user has ($1) (user_rights) | [
0 => 'extendedconfirmed',
1 => 'review',
2 => 'autoreview',
3 => 'autoconfirmed',
4 => 'editsemiprotected',
5 => 'rollback',
6 => 'createaccount',
7 => 'read',
8 => 'edit',
9 => 'createtalk',
10 => 'writeapi',
11 => 'viewmyprivateinfo',
12 => 'editmyprivateinfo',
13 => 'editmyoptions',
14 => 'abusefilter-log-detail',
15 => 'urlshortener-create-url',
16 => 'centralauth-merge',
17 => 'abusefilter-view',
18 => 'abusefilter-log',
19 => 'vipsscaler-test',
20 => 'collectionsaveasuserpage',
21 => 'reupload-own',
22 => 'move-rootuserpages',
23 => 'createpage',
24 => 'minoredit',
25 => 'editmyusercss',
26 => 'editmyuserjson',
27 => 'editmyuserjs',
28 => 'sendemail',
29 => 'applychangetags',
30 => 'viewmywatchlist',
31 => 'editmywatchlist',
32 => 'spamblacklistlog',
33 => 'mwoauthmanagemygrants',
34 => 'reupload',
35 => 'upload',
36 => 'move',
37 => 'skipcaptcha',
38 => 'ipinfo',
39 => 'ipinfo-view-basic',
40 => 'transcode-reset',
41 => 'transcode-status',
42 => 'createpagemainns',
43 => 'movestable',
44 => 'enrollasmentor'
] |
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface ($1) (user_mobile) | false |
Whether the user is editing from mobile app ($1) (user_app) | false |
Page ID ($1) (page_id) | 1984439 |
Page namespace ($1) (page_namespace) | 0 |
Page title without namespace ($1) (page_title) | 'Religion and the Internet' |
Full page title ($1) (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Religion and the Internet' |
Edit protection level of the page ($1) (page_restrictions_edit) | [] |
Page age in seconds ($1) (page_age) | 595093599 |
Action ($1) (action) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason ($1) (summary) | '/* Virtual religion */ add more detail' |
Old content model ($1) (old_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
New content model ($1) (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit ($1) (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Overview of the relation between the Internet and religion}}
[[Religions]] are represented on the [[Internet]] in many ways. There are sites which attempt to cover all religions, traditions, and faiths, such as [[Patheos]] (which also provides a forum for [[atheism]] and [[Humanism]]), [[Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance|Religious Tolerance]], and [[Beliefnet]]. There are also sites that are specific to a religious tradition. Many sites are discussion groups, others host [[theological]] debates, and some provide advice concerning religious [[doctrine]]. Some sites aim to provide a religious experience facilitating [[prayer]], [[meditation]], or [[Virtuality|virtual]] [[pilgrimages]].<ref>{{cite web | date=April 18, 2002| title=Religion and the Internet | work=MIT Communications Forum | url=http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/forums/religion.html | accessdate=2006-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| date=Aug 24, 1999| title=Web Sites Provide Foundation for Understanding Religion| work=University of Virginia| url=http://www.virginia.edu/topnews/releases/religion-aug-24-1999.html| accessdate=2006-08-06| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904101029/http://www.virginia.edu/topnews/releases/religion-aug-24-1999.html| archive-date=September 4, 2006| url-status=dead| df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-15548584_ITM|title=Religion and the internet. |publisher= Communication Research Trends (March 2006)|accessdate=2007-12-28 | date=2006-03-01}}</ref> People also leverage search engines to investigate aspects of religion.<ref>Jansen, B. J., Tapia, A. H., and Spink, A. (2010) [https://faculty.ist.psu.edu/jjansen/academic/jansen_searching_for_salvation.pdf Searching for salvation: An analysis of religious searching on the World Wide Web] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222212721/https://faculty.ist.psu.edu/jjansen/academic/jansen_searching_for_salvation.pdf |date=December 22, 2014 }}, Religion. 40(1), 39-52.</ref> Some religious websites are translated into several languages. For example, JW.ORG features content in over 1,000 languages.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://religionnews.com/2019/11/04/worlds-most-widely-translated-website-jw-org-features-content-in-1000-languages/|title=World’s most widely translated website, JW.ORG, features content in 1,000 languages|date=November 4, 2019|website=Religion News Service}}</ref>
==Christianity==
There have been a number of attempts to create online Christian communities, usually supplementing, but occasionally attempting to replace, more traditional, brick and mortar Christian communities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/daily/april99/religionweb10.htm|title=Religion on the Web
|work=Washington Post|accessdate=2008-02-27| date=1999-04-10}}</ref> It is common for even moderate sized [[Christianity|Christian]] churches with only a few hundred members to have web sites to advertise themselves and communicate with their congregations. For example, Scott Thumma, a faculty associate at the Hartford Institute for Religion Research found that in the [[United States|U.S.]] between 1998 and 2002, the ratio of churches with web sites went from 11 percent to 45 percent. Most sites concentrate on teaching and discussion.<ref>{{cite web | author= Larsen, Elena | date=December 23, 2001| title= Internet resources are aids for the deeply devout | work= Pew Internet | url=http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/36/press_release.asp | accessdate=2006-08-05 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060624091149/http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/36/press_release.asp |archive-date = June 24, 2006}}</ref> Some experiment with virtual meetings in cyberspace, and attempt to incorporate teaching, prayer, worship and even music into the experience.<ref>{{cite news | author= Wilson, Giles| title= In cyberspace, can anyone hear you pray? | work= BBC News Online Magazine | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3706897.stm | accessdate=2006-08-05 | date=2004-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author= Larmondin, Leanne | date=February 1, 2000| title= Attending a virtual church becoming easier | work= Anglican Journal | url=http://www.anglicanjournal.com/opinion/news/article/attending-a-virtual-church-becoming-easier/| archive-url=https://archive.today/20080821111028/http://www.anglicanjournal.com/opinion/news/article/attending-a-virtual-church-becoming-easier/| url-status=dead| archive-date=August 21, 2008|accessdate=2006-08-05}} </ref> The i-church is the first Internet community to be fully recognised as an [[Anglican church]].<ref>{{cite news | title= Church plans parish in cyberspace | work= BBC News | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3534017.stm | accessdate=2006-08-05 | date=2004-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title= First web-pastor appointed | work= BBC News | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3704205.stm | accessdate=2006-08-05 | date=2004-05-11}}</ref>
After being reassigned to the [[sinecure]] [[diocese]] of [[Partenia]] (a major [[Algeria]]n city, that was consumed by the [[Sahara]] in the 5th century) by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1995 as punishment for his controversial views, Roman Catholic Bishop [[Jacques Gaillot]] set up a website for the "diocese without borders."<ref>{{cite web | author= Spar, Debora | date=September 24, 2004| title= Why the Internet Doesn't Change Everything | work= Harvard Business School | url=http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/2515.html | accessdate=2006-08-05}}</ref>
=== Internet church ===
{{excerpt|Internet church}}
==Hinduism==
There are various web sites that aim to cover all of the [[Hindu]] religious traditions, including for example the Hindu Universe, which is maintained by the [[Hindu Studies]] Council. The site includes Hindu scripture and commentaries of the [[Rig Veda]], [[Upanishads]], the [[Bhagvad Gita]] and the laws of [[Manusmṛti|Manu]].<ref>{{cite web| date=October 3, 2000| title=The Hindu Universe| work=Humbul Humanities Hub, University of Oxford| url=http://www.humbul.ac.uk/output/full5.php?id=455&sub=religion&ref=byheading&code=DD.52| accessdate=2006-08-06}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
In addition, there are a large number of web sites devoted to specific aspects of the Hindu tradition. For example, the major epics, the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Ramayana]], have web sites devoted to their study. There is a site devoted to the [[Kumbh Mela]] pilgrimage, giving Internet users the opportunity to join the hundreds of thousands of pilgrims who gather in [[Allahabad]] to bathe in the [[Ganges]]. Sites like Saranam.com allow worshippers to order a [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] at the [[Hindu temple]] of their choosing and many pages have image of [[Hindu deities|deities]], which are thought to convey [[Darśana|Darshan]] in the same manner as temple figures. The followers of [[Sri Vaishnava]], [[Swaminarayan Sampraday]] and [[Dvaita Vedanta]] have web sites, and the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]], also known as the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishnas]], have their own site, which includes a Hare Krishna Network.<ref>{{cite web| date= January 3, 2001| title= Hinduism Online| work= Asia Source| url= http://www.asiasource.org/news/at_mp_02.cfm?newsid=39841| accessdate= 2006-08-07| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060824222924/http://asiasource.org/news/at_mp_02.cfm?newsid=39841| archive-date= August 24, 2006| url-status= dead| df= mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title= Hinduism Internet Resources | work= Saint Joseph's University | url=http://www.sju.edu/cas/theology/Courses/2141/resources.htm | accessdate=2006-08-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050210230137/http://www.sju.edu/cas/theology/Courses/2141/resources.htm |archive-date = February 10, 2005}}</ref> Temples now webcast [[Darśana|darshan]] live on the internet. In fact, important events too are broadcast live on the internet. For example, the [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Cardiff|Swaminarayan Temple]] in [[Cardiff]] broadcast its 25th anniversary celebrations live on the internet in 2007.<ref name = "BBC">{{cite news | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolpda/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_7006000/7006249.stm | title= Worshippers celebrate with parade | work= BBC News | date= 2007-09-22 | accessdate= 2010-01-04 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
==Islam==
Islamic sites fulfill a number of distinct roles, such as providing advice concerning religious doctrine, download daily prayers and for taking the [[shahadah]] over the Internet. For example, the Islam Page is a comprehensive Islamic web site, which links to a complete version of the [[Quran]].<ref>{{cite web | author= Jaeger, John | date= June 2002 | title= World religions on the Web | work= American Library Association | url= http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2002/june/worldreligions.htm | accessdate= 2006-08-06 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://archive.today/20130903023241/http://web.archive.org/web/20040203143353/http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2002/june/worldreligions.htm | archive-date= 2013-09-03 }}</ref> Sites such as the Islam-Online site, according to Gary Bunt of the [[University of Wales]], provide information about Islamic doctrine in addition to advice concerning individual problems including marriage, worship and Internet use.<ref>{{cite web | author= Bunt, Gary | date=May 9, 2006| title= Virtually Islamic | url=http://www.virtuallyislamic.com/|accessdate=2006-08-05}}</ref> In order to answer online questions, an [[Imam]] or a team of religious scholars frequently provide a [[fatwa]]. These are stored in databases, which allow online users to search for their specific query. Gary Bunt has commented this has the advantage of facilitating resolution to issues that are considered dangerous or embarrassing to raise within the domestic framework.<ref>{{cite news | author= Whitaker, Brian| title= Islam at the electronic frontier| work= The Guardian | url=http://technology.guardian.co.uk/online/comment/story/0,12449,1016429,00.html | accessdate=2006-08-05 | location=London | date=2003-08-11}}</ref>
==Judaism==
Several websites and blogs cover Judaism and Jewish life on the web. Some websites argue a certain religious or political viewpoint, while some take a purely cultural or secular focus. Conservative, [[Modern Orthodox]], post-denominational, Reform, secular, and [[Haredi]] Jews are involved in writing [[J-blogs]]. Some J-bloggers, although religious in practice, use their blogs to discuss theological views which are skeptical or nonconformist. J-blogs fall into radical, liberal and conservative camps with respect to all Jewish communities across the world. Several blogs, such as [[CampusJ]] and [[Jewschool]], cover Jewish life on campus.<ref>[http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/29997/format/html/displaystory.html J Weekly Magazine of Northern California] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926033341/http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/29997/format/html/displaystory.html |date=September 26, 2008 }}, "Local Jewish blog attempts to unite community", Amanda Ogus (Summer 2006)</ref><ref>[http://www.jewishlife.org/pdf/spring_2006.pdf Contact Magazine] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619003801/http://www.jewishlife.org/pdf/spring_2006.pdf |date=June 19, 2006 }}, "The Internet: Pathways and Possibilities", Various Authors (Spring 2006) - Adobe PDF Format</ref><ref>[http://www.jta.org/page_view_story.asp?intarticleid=16589&intcategoryid=4 JTA article] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208093121/http://www.jta.org/page_view_story.asp?intarticleid=16589&intcategoryid=4 |date=December 8, 2006 }}, "From Internet pals to real friends, blogs remaking Jewish community", Sue Fishkoff (May 8, 2006)</ref>
== Vodou ==
The Internet has "shipped" [[Haitian Vodou|Vodou]] via cyberspace, increasing its accessibility outside of a Haitian context as there is no central text to be shared.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last = Boutros|first = Alexandra|date = November 2002|title = Virtual Vodou: The Technologies of Faith in the Domains of Cyberspirituality|journal = Carleton University Europe-Russia Conference Series}}</ref> Alexandra Boutros explains that while Vodou was formerly secret, it is now public, widespread, and available for consumption by any through the cyber world.<ref name=":0" /> Her concern is that the shipping of Vodou has led Internet, much like popular culture, to be full of "voodoo that is not Vodou."<ref name=":0" /> "Voodoo" is a spelling used to denote tropes of Vodou, the Haitian tradition, which perpetuate misunderstandings, lies, and stereotypes. As such, Boutros explains that online Vodou, as well as cyberspirituality in general, are not representations of "real religions in real places," but instead are their own "dynamic entity," and this is an important distinction to make when studying Vodou or any other religion and its online presence.<ref name=":0" />
==New religious movements==
Many [[new religious movements]] have websites. A website of the [[Church of Scientology]], for example, allows visitors to take an online [[personality test]] (the [[Oxford Capacity Analysis]]); however, to review the full results of this test, one has to make an appointment to meet a church representative in person. There has also been a series of legal battles—sometimes referred to as [[Scientology versus the Internet]]—concerning the publishing of esoteric teachings such as the "[[Space opera in Scientology|space opera]]" and, more specifically, [[Xenu]].<ref>{{cite news | author= Ryan, Nicholas| title= The Gospel of the Web | work= The Guardian | url=https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,3977131,00.html| accessdate=2006-08-05 | location=London | date=2000-03-23}}</ref>
According to Stephen O'Leary of the [[University of Southern California]], the [[Falun Gong]]'s Internet awareness was an important factor in its ability to organize unauthorized demonstrations in the [[People's Republic of China]]. The group's leader, [[Li Hongzhi]], was able to use the Internet to coordinate the movement, although he currently lives in New York.<ref>{{cite web | author= O'Leary, Stephen | date=June 15, 2000| title= Falun Gong and the Internet | work= University of Southern California | url=http://www.ojr.org/ojr/ethics/1017964337.php| accessdate=2006-08-05}}</ref>
There are various religious movements that have used the Internet extensively and this has been studied by academics, in the field of [[sociology of religion]]. Examples cited by [[Adam Possamai]], of the [[University of Western Sydney]], include [[Jediism]] and [[Matrixism]]. Possamai uses the term 'hyper-real religion' to describe these religions mixed with [[popular culture]], arguing that they are part of the consumer logic of [[late capitalism]] and are enhanced by the growing use of the internet.<ref name="R&PC">[[Adam Possamai|Possamai]], Adam (2005). "Religion and Popular Culture: A Hyper-Real Testament", Peter Lang Publishing Group. {{ISBN|90-5201-272-5}} / US-{{ISBN|0-8204-6634-4}} pb.</ref><ref>{{cite web| author=Whibley, Amanda| date=November 18, 2005| title=God.com: Preaching the Word in a consumer-driven world| work=University of Western Sydney| url=http://apps.uws.edu.au/media/news/index.phtml?act=view&story_id=1342| accessdate=2006-08-05| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228161725/http://apps.uws.edu.au/media/news/index.phtml?act=view&story_id=1342| archive-date=December 28, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author= Morris, Linda | title= They're all God Movies| work= NPR|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Theyre-all-god-movies/2005/05/18/1116361618786.html| accessdate=2006-08-05 | date=2005-05-19}}</ref>
==Cybersectarianism==
{{excerpt|Cybersectarianism}}
==Virtual religion==
David Chidester wrote in his 2005 book ''Authentic Fakes'',{{sfnp|Greer|2016|p=195}} that "If it were possible to trace a genealogy of virtual religions on the Internet, it would probably begin with [[Discordianism]]."{{sfnp|Chidester|2005|p=198}} According to J. Christian Greer, this study was published just at the time Discordianism had transformed itself from a [[parody religion]] to a [[new religious movement]].{{sfnp|Greer|2016|p=195}} When the Yahoo search engine categorized Discordianism as a [[parody religion]], in May 2001 Discordians started an email campaign to get their religion reclassified. Three weeks after this protest was started, Yahoo moved Discordianism to "Entertainment—Religion—Humor", which some Discordians found more acceptable.{{sfnp|Chidester|2005|p=199}}
{{expand section|date=April 2024}}
==See also==
*[[Association of Religion Data Archives]]
*[[Church of the SubGenius]]
*[[Operation Clambake]]
*[[Operation Mindfuck]]
*[[Patheos]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last=Chidester |first=David |year=2005 |title=Authentic Fakes: Religion and American Popular Culture |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-93824-3 |pages=190–212}}
* {{cite book |title=Invented Religions: Imagination, Fiction and Faith |editor1-first=Carole M. |editor1-last=Cusack |editor2-first=Pavol |editor2-last=Kosnáč |first=J. C. |last=Greer |chapter='Discordians stick apart': The institutional turn within contemporary Discordianism |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-11325-6}}
==Further reading==
*[[Brenda E. Brasher]], ''Give Me That Online Religion'', Rutgers (2004), {{ISBN|0-8135-3436-4}}.
* Gary R. Bunt, ''Islam in the Digital Age: E-jihad, Online Fatwas and Cyber Islamic Environments'', Pluto, London 2003, {{ISBN|0-7453-2099-6}}
*[[Douglas E. Cowan]], ''Cyberhenge: Modern Pagans on the Internet'', Routledge (2004), {{ISBN|0-415-96911-5}}.
{{Religion and topic}}
[[Category:Religion and technology]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit ($1) (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Overview of the relation between the Internet and religion}}
[[Religions]] are represented on the [[Internet]] in many ways. There are sites which attempt to cover all religions, traditions, and faiths, such as [[Patheos]] (which also provides a forum for [[atheism]] and [[Humanism]]), [[Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance|Religious Tolerance]], and [[Beliefnet]]. There are also sites that are specific to a religious tradition. Many sites are discussion groups, others host [[theological]] debates, and some provide advice concerning religious [[doctrine]]. Some sites aim to provide a religious experience facilitating [[prayer]], [[meditation]], or [[Virtuality|virtual]] [[pilgrimages]].<ref>{{cite web | date=April 18, 2002| title=Religion and the Internet | work=MIT Communications Forum | url=http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/forums/religion.html | accessdate=2006-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| date=Aug 24, 1999| title=Web Sites Provide Foundation for Understanding Religion| work=University of Virginia| url=http://www.virginia.edu/topnews/releases/religion-aug-24-1999.html| accessdate=2006-08-06| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904101029/http://www.virginia.edu/topnews/releases/religion-aug-24-1999.html| archive-date=September 4, 2006| url-status=dead| df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-15548584_ITM|title=Religion and the internet. |publisher= Communication Research Trends (March 2006)|accessdate=2007-12-28 | date=2006-03-01}}</ref> People also leverage search engines to investigate aspects of religion.<ref>Jansen, B. J., Tapia, A. H., and Spink, A. (2010) [https://faculty.ist.psu.edu/jjansen/academic/jansen_searching_for_salvation.pdf Searching for salvation: An analysis of religious searching on the World Wide Web] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222212721/https://faculty.ist.psu.edu/jjansen/academic/jansen_searching_for_salvation.pdf |date=December 22, 2014 }}, Religion. 40(1), 39-52.</ref> Some religious websites are translated into several languages. For example, JW.ORG features content in over 1,000 languages.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://religionnews.com/2019/11/04/worlds-most-widely-translated-website-jw-org-features-content-in-1000-languages/|title=World’s most widely translated website, JW.ORG, features content in 1,000 languages|date=November 4, 2019|website=Religion News Service}}</ref>
==Christianity==
There have been a number of attempts to create online Christian communities, usually supplementing, but occasionally attempting to replace, more traditional, brick and mortar Christian communities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/daily/april99/religionweb10.htm|title=Religion on the Web
|work=Washington Post|accessdate=2008-02-27| date=1999-04-10}}</ref> It is common for even moderate sized [[Christianity|Christian]] churches with only a few hundred members to have web sites to advertise themselves and communicate with their congregations. For example, Scott Thumma, a faculty associate at the Hartford Institute for Religion Research found that in the [[United States|U.S.]] between 1998 and 2002, the ratio of churches with web sites went from 11 percent to 45 percent. Most sites concentrate on teaching and discussion.<ref>{{cite web | author= Larsen, Elena | date=December 23, 2001| title= Internet resources are aids for the deeply devout | work= Pew Internet | url=http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/36/press_release.asp | accessdate=2006-08-05 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060624091149/http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/36/press_release.asp |archive-date = June 24, 2006}}</ref> Some experiment with virtual meetings in cyberspace, and attempt to incorporate teaching, prayer, worship and even music into the experience.<ref>{{cite news | author= Wilson, Giles| title= In cyberspace, can anyone hear you pray? | work= BBC News Online Magazine | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3706897.stm | accessdate=2006-08-05 | date=2004-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author= Larmondin, Leanne | date=February 1, 2000| title= Attending a virtual church becoming easier | work= Anglican Journal | url=http://www.anglicanjournal.com/opinion/news/article/attending-a-virtual-church-becoming-easier/| archive-url=https://archive.today/20080821111028/http://www.anglicanjournal.com/opinion/news/article/attending-a-virtual-church-becoming-easier/| url-status=dead| archive-date=August 21, 2008|accessdate=2006-08-05}} </ref> The i-church is the first Internet community to be fully recognised as an [[Anglican church]].<ref>{{cite news | title= Church plans parish in cyberspace | work= BBC News | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3534017.stm | accessdate=2006-08-05 | date=2004-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title= First web-pastor appointed | work= BBC News | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3704205.stm | accessdate=2006-08-05 | date=2004-05-11}}</ref>
After being reassigned to the [[sinecure]] [[diocese]] of [[Partenia]] (a major [[Algeria]]n city, that was consumed by the [[Sahara]] in the 5th century) by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1995 as punishment for his controversial views, Roman Catholic Bishop [[Jacques Gaillot]] set up a website for the "diocese without borders."<ref>{{cite web | author= Spar, Debora | date=September 24, 2004| title= Why the Internet Doesn't Change Everything | work= Harvard Business School | url=http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/2515.html | accessdate=2006-08-05}}</ref>
=== Internet church ===
{{excerpt|Internet church}}
==Hinduism==
There are various web sites that aim to cover all of the [[Hindu]] religious traditions, including for example the Hindu Universe, which is maintained by the [[Hindu Studies]] Council. The site includes Hindu scripture and commentaries of the [[Rig Veda]], [[Upanishads]], the [[Bhagvad Gita]] and the laws of [[Manusmṛti|Manu]].<ref>{{cite web| date=October 3, 2000| title=The Hindu Universe| work=Humbul Humanities Hub, University of Oxford| url=http://www.humbul.ac.uk/output/full5.php?id=455&sub=religion&ref=byheading&code=DD.52| accessdate=2006-08-06}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
In addition, there are a large number of web sites devoted to specific aspects of the Hindu tradition. For example, the major epics, the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Ramayana]], have web sites devoted to their study. There is a site devoted to the [[Kumbh Mela]] pilgrimage, giving Internet users the opportunity to join the hundreds of thousands of pilgrims who gather in [[Allahabad]] to bathe in the [[Ganges]]. Sites like Saranam.com allow worshippers to order a [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] at the [[Hindu temple]] of their choosing and many pages have image of [[Hindu deities|deities]], which are thought to convey [[Darśana|Darshan]] in the same manner as temple figures. The followers of [[Sri Vaishnava]], [[Swaminarayan Sampraday]] and [[Dvaita Vedanta]] have web sites, and the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]], also known as the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishnas]], have their own site, which includes a Hare Krishna Network.<ref>{{cite web| date= January 3, 2001| title= Hinduism Online| work= Asia Source| url= http://www.asiasource.org/news/at_mp_02.cfm?newsid=39841| accessdate= 2006-08-07| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060824222924/http://asiasource.org/news/at_mp_02.cfm?newsid=39841| archive-date= August 24, 2006| url-status= dead| df= mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title= Hinduism Internet Resources | work= Saint Joseph's University | url=http://www.sju.edu/cas/theology/Courses/2141/resources.htm | accessdate=2006-08-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050210230137/http://www.sju.edu/cas/theology/Courses/2141/resources.htm |archive-date = February 10, 2005}}</ref> Temples now webcast [[Darśana|darshan]] live on the internet. In fact, important events too are broadcast live on the internet. For example, the [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Cardiff|Swaminarayan Temple]] in [[Cardiff]] broadcast its 25th anniversary celebrations live on the internet in 2007.<ref name = "BBC">{{cite news | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolpda/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_7006000/7006249.stm | title= Worshippers celebrate with parade | work= BBC News | date= 2007-09-22 | accessdate= 2010-01-04 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
==Islam==
Islamic sites fulfill a number of distinct roles, such as providing advice concerning religious doctrine, download daily prayers and for taking the [[shahadah]] over the Internet. For example, the Islam Page is a comprehensive Islamic web site, which links to a complete version of the [[Quran]].<ref>{{cite web | author= Jaeger, John | date= June 2002 | title= World religions on the Web | work= American Library Association | url= http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2002/june/worldreligions.htm | accessdate= 2006-08-06 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://archive.today/20130903023241/http://web.archive.org/web/20040203143353/http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2002/june/worldreligions.htm | archive-date= 2013-09-03 }}</ref> Sites such as the Islam-Online site, according to Gary Bunt of the [[University of Wales]], provide information about Islamic doctrine in addition to advice concerning individual problems including marriage, worship and Internet use.<ref>{{cite web | author= Bunt, Gary | date=May 9, 2006| title= Virtually Islamic | url=http://www.virtuallyislamic.com/|accessdate=2006-08-05}}</ref> In order to answer online questions, an [[Imam]] or a team of religious scholars frequently provide a [[fatwa]]. These are stored in databases, which allow online users to search for their specific query. Gary Bunt has commented this has the advantage of facilitating resolution to issues that are considered dangerous or embarrassing to raise within the domestic framework.<ref>{{cite news | author= Whitaker, Brian| title= Islam at the electronic frontier| work= The Guardian | url=http://technology.guardian.co.uk/online/comment/story/0,12449,1016429,00.html | accessdate=2006-08-05 | location=London | date=2003-08-11}}</ref>
==Judaism==
Several websites and blogs cover Judaism and Jewish life on the web. Some websites argue a certain religious or political viewpoint, while some take a purely cultural or secular focus. Conservative, [[Modern Orthodox]], post-denominational, Reform, secular, and [[Haredi]] Jews are involved in writing [[J-blogs]]. Some J-bloggers, although religious in practice, use their blogs to discuss theological views which are skeptical or nonconformist. J-blogs fall into radical, liberal and conservative camps with respect to all Jewish communities across the world. Several blogs, such as [[CampusJ]] and [[Jewschool]], cover Jewish life on campus.<ref>[http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/29997/format/html/displaystory.html J Weekly Magazine of Northern California] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926033341/http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/29997/format/html/displaystory.html |date=September 26, 2008 }}, "Local Jewish blog attempts to unite community", Amanda Ogus (Summer 2006)</ref><ref>[http://www.jewishlife.org/pdf/spring_2006.pdf Contact Magazine] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619003801/http://www.jewishlife.org/pdf/spring_2006.pdf |date=June 19, 2006 }}, "The Internet: Pathways and Possibilities", Various Authors (Spring 2006) - Adobe PDF Format</ref><ref>[http://www.jta.org/page_view_story.asp?intarticleid=16589&intcategoryid=4 JTA article] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208093121/http://www.jta.org/page_view_story.asp?intarticleid=16589&intcategoryid=4 |date=December 8, 2006 }}, "From Internet pals to real friends, blogs remaking Jewish community", Sue Fishkoff (May 8, 2006)</ref>
== Vodou ==
The Internet has "shipped" [[Haitian Vodou|Vodou]] via cyberspace, increasing its accessibility outside of a Haitian context as there is no central text to be shared.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last = Boutros|first = Alexandra|date = November 2002|title = Virtual Vodou: The Technologies of Faith in the Domains of Cyberspirituality|journal = Carleton University Europe-Russia Conference Series}}</ref> Alexandra Boutros explains that while Vodou was formerly secret, it is now public, widespread, and available for consumption by any through the cyber world.<ref name=":0" /> Her concern is that the shipping of Vodou has led Internet, much like popular culture, to be full of "voodoo that is not Vodou."<ref name=":0" /> "Voodoo" is a spelling used to denote tropes of Vodou, the Haitian tradition, which perpetuate misunderstandings, lies, and stereotypes. As such, Boutros explains that online Vodou, as well as cyberspirituality in general, are not representations of "real religions in real places," but instead are their own "dynamic entity," and this is an important distinction to make when studying Vodou or any other religion and its online presence.<ref name=":0" />
==New religious movements==
Many [[new religious movements]] have websites. A website of the [[Church of Scientology]], for example, allows visitors to take an online [[personality test]] (the [[Oxford Capacity Analysis]]); however, to review the full results of this test, one has to make an appointment to meet a church representative in person. There has also been a series of legal battles—sometimes referred to as [[Scientology versus the Internet]]—concerning the publishing of esoteric teachings such as the "[[Space opera in Scientology|space opera]]" and, more specifically, [[Xenu]].<ref>{{cite news | author= Ryan, Nicholas| title= The Gospel of the Web | work= The Guardian | url=https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,3977131,00.html| accessdate=2006-08-05 | location=London | date=2000-03-23}}</ref>
According to Stephen O'Leary of the [[University of Southern California]], the [[Falun Gong]]'s Internet awareness was an important factor in its ability to organize unauthorized demonstrations in the [[People's Republic of China]]. The group's leader, [[Li Hongzhi]], was able to use the Internet to coordinate the movement, although he currently lives in New York.<ref>{{cite web | author= O'Leary, Stephen | date=June 15, 2000| title= Falun Gong and the Internet | work= University of Southern California | url=http://www.ojr.org/ojr/ethics/1017964337.php| accessdate=2006-08-05}}</ref>
There are various religious movements that have used the Internet extensively and this has been studied by academics, in the field of [[sociology of religion]]. Examples cited by [[Adam Possamai]], of the [[University of Western Sydney]], include [[Jediism]] and [[Matrixism]]. Possamai uses the term 'hyper-real religion' to describe these religions mixed with [[popular culture]], arguing that they are part of the consumer logic of [[late capitalism]] and are enhanced by the growing use of the internet.<ref name="R&PC">[[Adam Possamai|Possamai]], Adam (2005). "Religion and Popular Culture: A Hyper-Real Testament", Peter Lang Publishing Group. {{ISBN|90-5201-272-5}} / US-{{ISBN|0-8204-6634-4}} pb.</ref><ref>{{cite web| author=Whibley, Amanda| date=November 18, 2005| title=God.com: Preaching the Word in a consumer-driven world| work=University of Western Sydney| url=http://apps.uws.edu.au/media/news/index.phtml?act=view&story_id=1342| accessdate=2006-08-05| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228161725/http://apps.uws.edu.au/media/news/index.phtml?act=view&story_id=1342| archive-date=December 28, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author= Morris, Linda | title= They're all God Movies| work= NPR|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Theyre-all-god-movies/2005/05/18/1116361618786.html| accessdate=2006-08-05 | date=2005-05-19}}</ref>
==Cybersectarianism==
{{excerpt|Cybersectarianism}}
==Virtual religion==
David Chidester wrote in his 2005 book ''Authentic Fakes'',{{sfnp|Greer|2016|p=195}} that "If it were possible to trace a genealogy of virtual religions on the Internet, it would probably begin with [[Discordianism]]."{{sfnp|Chidester|2005|p=198}} According to J. Christian Greer, this study was published just at the time Discordianism had transformed itself from a [[parody religion]] to a [[new religious movement]].{{sfnp|Greer|2016|p=195}} When the Yahoo search engine categorized Discordianism as a [[parody religion]], in May 2001 Discordians started an email campaign to get their religion reclassified. Three weeks after this protest was started, Yahoo moved Discordianism to "Entertainment—Religion—Humor", which some Discordians found more acceptable.{{sfnp|Chidester|2005|p=199}} David G. Robertson writes in the 2016 book ''Fiction, Invention and Hyper-reality'' that:
{{blockquote|[...] Discordians have also constructed a complex and unique cosmology and theology, and Discordianism has over time come to be considered as having genuine religious significance for many of its adherents. Thus Discordianism can no longer be considered a purely parodic religion.{{sfnp|Robertson|2016|p=201}}
}}
{{expand section|date=April 2024}}
==See also==
*[[Association of Religion Data Archives]]
*[[Church of the SubGenius]]
*[[Operation Clambake]]
*[[Operation Mindfuck]]
*[[Patheos]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last=Chidester |first=David |year=2005 |title=Authentic Fakes: Religion and American Popular Culture |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-93824-3 |pages=190–212}}
* {{cite book |title=Invented Religions: Imagination, Fiction and Faith |editor1-first=Carole M. |editor1-last=Cusack |editor2-first=Pavol |editor2-last=Kosnáč |first=J. C. |last=Greer |chapter='Discordians stick apart': The institutional turn within contemporary Discordianism |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-11325-6}}
==Further reading==
*[[Brenda E. Brasher]], ''Give Me That Online Religion'', Rutgers (2004), {{ISBN|0-8135-3436-4}}.
* Gary R. Bunt, ''Islam in the Digital Age: E-jihad, Online Fatwas and Cyber Islamic Environments'', Pluto, London 2003, {{ISBN|0-7453-2099-6}}
*[[Douglas E. Cowan]], ''Cyberhenge: Modern Pagans on the Internet'', Routledge (2004), {{ISBN|0-415-96911-5}}.
{{Religion and topic}}
[[Category:Religion and technology]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit ($1) (edit_diff) | '@@ -36,5 +36,8 @@
{{excerpt|Cybersectarianism}}
==Virtual religion==
-David Chidester wrote in his 2005 book ''Authentic Fakes'',{{sfnp|Greer|2016|p=195}} that "If it were possible to trace a genealogy of virtual religions on the Internet, it would probably begin with [[Discordianism]]."{{sfnp|Chidester|2005|p=198}} According to J. Christian Greer, this study was published just at the time Discordianism had transformed itself from a [[parody religion]] to a [[new religious movement]].{{sfnp|Greer|2016|p=195}} When the Yahoo search engine categorized Discordianism as a [[parody religion]], in May 2001 Discordians started an email campaign to get their religion reclassified. Three weeks after this protest was started, Yahoo moved Discordianism to "Entertainment—Religion—Humor", which some Discordians found more acceptable.{{sfnp|Chidester|2005|p=199}}
+David Chidester wrote in his 2005 book ''Authentic Fakes'',{{sfnp|Greer|2016|p=195}} that "If it were possible to trace a genealogy of virtual religions on the Internet, it would probably begin with [[Discordianism]]."{{sfnp|Chidester|2005|p=198}} According to J. Christian Greer, this study was published just at the time Discordianism had transformed itself from a [[parody religion]] to a [[new religious movement]].{{sfnp|Greer|2016|p=195}} When the Yahoo search engine categorized Discordianism as a [[parody religion]], in May 2001 Discordians started an email campaign to get their religion reclassified. Three weeks after this protest was started, Yahoo moved Discordianism to "Entertainment—Religion—Humor", which some Discordians found more acceptable.{{sfnp|Chidester|2005|p=199}} David G. Robertson writes in the 2016 book ''Fiction, Invention and Hyper-reality'' that:
+
+{{blockquote|[...] Discordians have also constructed a complex and unique cosmology and theology, and Discordianism has over time come to be considered as having genuine religious significance for many of its adherents. Thus Discordianism can no longer be considered a purely parodic religion.{{sfnp|Robertson|2016|p=201}}
+}}
{{expand section|date=April 2024}}
' |
New page size ($1) (new_size) | 18520 |
Old page size ($1) (old_size) | 18103 |
Size change in edit ($1) (edit_delta) | 417 |
Lines added in edit ($1) (added_lines) | [
0 => 'David Chidester wrote in his 2005 book ''Authentic Fakes'',{{sfnp|Greer|2016|p=195}} that "If it were possible to trace a genealogy of virtual religions on the Internet, it would probably begin with [[Discordianism]]."{{sfnp|Chidester|2005|p=198}} According to J. Christian Greer, this study was published just at the time Discordianism had transformed itself from a [[parody religion]] to a [[new religious movement]].{{sfnp|Greer|2016|p=195}} When the Yahoo search engine categorized Discordianism as a [[parody religion]], in May 2001 Discordians started an email campaign to get their religion reclassified. Three weeks after this protest was started, Yahoo moved Discordianism to "Entertainment—Religion—Humor", which some Discordians found more acceptable.{{sfnp|Chidester|2005|p=199}} David G. Robertson writes in the 2016 book ''Fiction, Invention and Hyper-reality'' that:',
1 => '',
2 => '{{blockquote|[...] Discordians have also constructed a complex and unique cosmology and theology, and Discordianism has over time come to be considered as having genuine religious significance for many of its adherents. Thus Discordianism can no longer be considered a purely parodic religion.{{sfnp|Robertson|2016|p=201}}',
3 => '}}'
] |
Lines removed in edit ($1) (removed_lines) | [
0 => 'David Chidester wrote in his 2005 book ''Authentic Fakes'',{{sfnp|Greer|2016|p=195}} that "If it were possible to trace a genealogy of virtual religions on the Internet, it would probably begin with [[Discordianism]]."{{sfnp|Chidester|2005|p=198}} According to J. Christian Greer, this study was published just at the time Discordianism had transformed itself from a [[parody religion]] to a [[new religious movement]].{{sfnp|Greer|2016|p=195}} When the Yahoo search engine categorized Discordianism as a [[parody religion]], in May 2001 Discordians started an email campaign to get their religion reclassified. Three weeks after this protest was started, Yahoo moved Discordianism to "Entertainment—Religion—Humor", which some Discordians found more acceptable.{{sfnp|Chidester|2005|p=199}}'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision ($1) (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of the relation between the Internet and religion</div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions">Religions</a> are represented on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> in many ways. There are sites which attempt to cover all religions, traditions, and faiths, such as <a href="/wiki/Patheos" title="Patheos">Patheos</a> (which also provides a forum for <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Consultants_on_Religious_Tolerance" title="Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance">Religious Tolerance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beliefnet" title="Beliefnet">Beliefnet</a>. There are also sites that are specific to a religious tradition. Many sites are discussion groups, others host <a href="/wiki/Theological" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological">theological</a> debates, and some provide advice concerning religious <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a>. Some sites aim to provide a religious experience facilitating <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Virtuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtuality">virtual</a> <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrimages">pilgrimages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> People also leverage search engines to investigate aspects of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Some religious websites are translated into several languages. For example, JW.ORG features content in over 1,000 languages.
<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Christianity"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Christianity</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Internet_church"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Internet church</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Hinduism"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Hinduism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Islam"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Islam</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Judaism"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Judaism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Vodou"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Vodou</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#New_religious_movements"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">New religious movements</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Cybersectarianism"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Cybersectarianism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Virtual_religion"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Virtual religion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Works_cited"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Works cited</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Christianity">Christianity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_the_Internet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Christianity"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>There have been a number of attempts to create online Christian communities, usually supplementing, but occasionally attempting to replace, more traditional, brick and mortar Christian communities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> It is common for even moderate sized <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> churches with only a few hundred members to have web sites to advertise themselves and communicate with their congregations. For example, Scott Thumma, a faculty associate at the Hartford Institute for Religion Research found that in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> between 1998 and 2002, the ratio of churches with web sites went from 11 percent to 45 percent. Most sites concentrate on teaching and discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Some experiment with virtual meetings in cyberspace, and attempt to incorporate teaching, prayer, worship and even music into the experience.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> The i-church is the first Internet community to be fully recognised as an <a href="/wiki/Anglican_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican church">Anglican church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>After being reassigned to the <a href="/wiki/Sinecure" title="Sinecure">sinecure</a> <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> of <a href="/wiki/Partenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Partenia">Partenia</a> (a major <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerian</a> city, that was consumed by the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> in the 5th century) by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> in 1995 as punishment for his controversial views, Roman Catholic Bishop <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Gaillot" title="Jacques Gaillot">Jacques Gaillot</a> set up a website for the "diocese without borders."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Internet_church">Internet church</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_the_Internet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Internet church"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Internet_church" title="Internet church">Internet church</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_church&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<p>The terms <a href="/wiki/Internet_church" title="Internet church">internet church</a>, online church, cyberchurch, and digital church refer to a wide variety of ways that Christian religious groups can use the internet to facilitate their religious activities, particularly prayer, discussion, preaching and worship services.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> has become a site for religious experience which has raised questions related to <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Internet_church_:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Internet_church_:0-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
Some <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> insist that an online gathering is not a real substitute for meeting in person, for example, the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Social_Communications" title="Pontifical Council for Social Communications">Pontifical Council for Social Communications</a> declared in 2002 that "the virtual reality of cyberspace cannot substitute for real interpersonal community, the incarnational reality of the sacraments and the liturgy, or the immediate and direct proclamation of the gospel", while acknowledging that the internet can still "enrich the religious lives of users".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Hinduism">Hinduism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_the_Internet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Hinduism"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>There are various web sites that aim to cover all of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> religious traditions, including for example the Hindu Universe, which is maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Studies">Hindu Studies</a> Council. The site includes Hindu scripture and commentaries of the <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bhagvad_Gita" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagvad Gita">Bhagvad Gita</a> and the laws of <a href="/wiki/Manusm%E1%B9%9Bti" class="mw-redirect" title="Manusmṛti">Manu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>In addition, there are a large number of web sites devoted to specific aspects of the Hindu tradition. For example, the major epics, the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, have web sites devoted to their study. There is a site devoted to the <a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> pilgrimage, giving Internet users the opportunity to join the hundreds of thousands of pilgrims who gather in <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a> to bathe in the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>. Sites like Saranam.com allow worshippers to order a <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> of their choosing and many pages have image of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">deities</a>, which are thought to convey <a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%9Bana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darśana">Darshan</a> in the same manner as temple figures. The followers of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Vaishnava">Sri Vaishnava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaminarayan Sampraday">Swaminarayan Sampraday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita Vedanta</a> have web sites, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">Hare Krishnas</a>, have their own site, which includes a Hare Krishna Network.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Temples now webcast <a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%9Bana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darśana">darshan</a> live on the internet. In fact, important events too are broadcast live on the internet. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir_Cardiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Cardiff">Swaminarayan Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> broadcast its 25th anniversary celebrations live on the internet in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Islam">Islam</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_the_Internet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Islam"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Islamic sites fulfill a number of distinct roles, such as providing advice concerning religious doctrine, download daily prayers and for taking the <a href="/wiki/Shahadah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahadah">shahadah</a> over the Internet. For example, the Islam Page is a comprehensive Islamic web site, which links to a complete version of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> Sites such as the Islam-Online site, according to Gary Bunt of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales" title="University of Wales">University of Wales</a>, provide information about Islamic doctrine in addition to advice concerning individual problems including marriage, worship and Internet use.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> In order to answer online questions, an <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> or a team of religious scholars frequently provide a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a>. These are stored in databases, which allow online users to search for their specific query. Gary Bunt has commented this has the advantage of facilitating resolution to issues that are considered dangerous or embarrassing to raise within the domestic framework.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Judaism">Judaism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_the_Internet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Judaism"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Several websites and blogs cover Judaism and Jewish life on the web. Some websites argue a certain religious or political viewpoint, while some take a purely cultural or secular focus. Conservative, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Orthodox">Modern Orthodox</a>, post-denominational, Reform, secular, and <a href="/wiki/Haredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi">Haredi</a> Jews are involved in writing <a href="/wiki/J-blogs" class="mw-redirect" title="J-blogs">J-blogs</a>. Some J-bloggers, although religious in practice, use their blogs to discuss theological views which are skeptical or nonconformist. J-blogs fall into radical, liberal and conservative camps with respect to all Jewish communities across the world. Several blogs, such as <a href="/wiki/CampusJ" class="mw-redirect" title="CampusJ">CampusJ</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewschool&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jewschool (page does not exist)">Jewschool</a>, cover Jewish life on campus.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Vodou">Vodou</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_the_Internet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Vodou"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The Internet has "shipped" <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a> via cyberspace, increasing its accessibility outside of a Haitian context as there is no central text to be shared.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26">[26]</a></sup> Alexandra Boutros explains that while Vodou was formerly secret, it is now public, widespread, and available for consumption by any through the cyber world.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26">[26]</a></sup> Her concern is that the shipping of Vodou has led Internet, much like popular culture, to be full of "voodoo that is not Vodou."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26">[26]</a></sup> "Voodoo" is a spelling used to denote tropes of Vodou, the Haitian tradition, which perpetuate misunderstandings, lies, and stereotypes. As such, Boutros explains that online Vodou, as well as cyberspirituality in general, are not representations of "real religions in real places," but instead are their own "dynamic entity," and this is an important distinction to make when studying Vodou or any other religion and its online presence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="New_religious_movements">New religious movements</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_the_Internet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: New religious movements"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Many <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New religious movements">new religious movements</a> have websites. A website of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a>, for example, allows visitors to take an online <a href="/wiki/Personality_test" title="Personality test">personality test</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Capacity_Analysis" title="Oxford Capacity Analysis">Oxford Capacity Analysis</a>); however, to review the full results of this test, one has to make an appointment to meet a church representative in person. There has also been a series of legal battles—sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Scientology_versus_the_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientology versus the Internet">Scientology versus the Internet</a>—concerning the publishing of esoteric teachings such as the "<a href="/wiki/Space_opera_in_Scientology" title="Space opera in Scientology">space opera</a>" and, more specifically, <a href="/wiki/Xenu" title="Xenu">Xenu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to Stephen O'Leary of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a>'s Internet awareness was an important factor in its ability to organize unauthorized demonstrations in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>. The group's leader, <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhi" title="Li Hongzhi">Li Hongzhi</a>, was able to use the Internet to coordinate the movement, although he currently lives in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>There are various religious movements that have used the Internet extensively and this has been studied by academics, in the field of <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">sociology of religion</a>. Examples cited by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Possamai" title="Adam Possamai">Adam Possamai</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Western Sydney">University of Western Sydney</a>, include <a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matrixism" title="Matrixism">Matrixism</a>. Possamai uses the term 'hyper-real religion' to describe these religions mixed with <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>, arguing that they are part of the consumer logic of <a href="/wiki/Late_capitalism" title="Late capitalism">late capitalism</a> and are enhanced by the growing use of the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-R&PC_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R&PC-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cybersectarianism">Cybersectarianism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_the_Internet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Cybersectarianism"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Cybersectarianism" title="Cybersectarianism">Cybersectarianism</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cybersectarianism&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<a href="/wiki/Cybersectarianism" title="Cybersectarianism">Cybersectarianism</a> is the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New religious movements">new religious movements</a> and other groups using the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> for text distribution, recruitment, and <a href="/wiki/Information_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Information sharing">information sharing</a>.</div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Virtual_religion">Virtual religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_the_Internet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Virtual religion"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>David Chidester wrote in his 2005 book <i>Authentic Fakes</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreer2016195_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreer2016195-32">[32]</a></sup> that "If it were possible to trace a genealogy of virtual religions on the Internet, it would probably begin with <a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChidester2005198_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidester2005198-33">[33]</a></sup> According to J. Christian Greer, this study was published just at the time Discordianism had transformed itself from a <a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">parody religion</a> to a <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreer2016195_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreer2016195-32">[32]</a></sup> When the Yahoo search engine categorized Discordianism as a <a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">parody religion</a>, in May 2001 Discordians started an email campaign to get their religion reclassified. Three weeks after this protest was started, Yahoo moved Discordianism to "Entertainment—Religion—Humor", which some Discordians found more acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChidester2005199_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidester2005199-34">[34]</a></sup> David G. Robertson writes in the 2016 book <i>Fiction, Invention and Hyper-reality</i> that:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[...] Discordians have also constructed a complex and unique cosmology and theology, and Discordianism has over time come to be considered as having genuine religious significance for many of its adherents. Thus Discordianism can no longer be considered a purely parodic religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson2016201_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson2016201-35">[35]</a></sup>
</p></blockquote>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_the_Internet&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_the_Internet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: See also"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_SubGenius" title="Church of the SubGenius">Church of the SubGenius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Clambake" title="Operation Clambake">Operation Clambake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mindfuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Mindfuck">Operation Mindfuck</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Patheos" title="Patheos">Patheos</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_the_Internet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/forums/religion.html">"Religion and the Internet"</a>. <i>MIT Communications Forum</i>. April 18, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Communications+Forum&rft.atitle=Religion+and+the+Internet&rft.date=2002-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fcomm-forum%2Fforums%2Freligion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060904101029/http://www.virginia.edu/topnews/releases/religion-aug-24-1999.html">"Web Sites Provide Foundation for Understanding Religion"</a>. <i>University of Virginia</i>. August 24, 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginia.edu/topnews/releases/religion-aug-24-1999.html">the original</a> on September 4, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Virginia&rft.atitle=Web+Sites+Provide+Foundation+for+Understanding+Religion&rft.date=1999-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virginia.edu%2Ftopnews%2Freleases%2Freligion-aug-24-1999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-15548584_ITM">"Religion and the internet"</a>. Communication Research Trends (March 2006). 2006-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Religion+and+the+internet.&rft.date=2006-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessmylibrary.com%2Fcoms2%2Fsummary_0286-15548584_ITM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jansen, B. J., Tapia, A. H., and Spink, A. (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faculty.ist.psu.edu/jjansen/academic/jansen_searching_for_salvation.pdf">Searching for salvation: An analysis of religious searching on the World Wide Web</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222212721/https://faculty.ist.psu.edu/jjansen/academic/jansen_searching_for_salvation.pdf">Archived</a> December 22, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Religion. 40(1), 39-52.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religionnews.com/2019/11/04/worlds-most-widely-translated-website-jw-org-features-content-in-1000-languages/">"World's most widely translated website, JW.ORG, features content in 1,000 languages"</a>. <i>Religion News Service</i>. November 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion+News+Service&rft.atitle=World%E2%80%99s+most+widely+translated+website%2C+JW.ORG%2C+features+content+in+1%2C000+languages&rft.date=2019-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligionnews.com%2F2019%2F11%2F04%2Fworlds-most-widely-translated-website-jw-org-features-content-in-1000-languages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/daily/april99/religionweb10.htm">"Religion on the Web"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. 1999-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Religion+on+the+Web&rft.date=1999-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Flocal%2Fdaily%2Fapril99%2Freligionweb10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen,_Elena2001" class="citation web cs1">Larsen, Elena (December 23, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060624091149/http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/36/press_release.asp">"Internet resources are aids for the deeply devout"</a>. <i>Pew Internet</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/36/press_release.asp">the original</a> on June 24, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Internet&rft.atitle=Internet+resources+are+aids+for+the+deeply+devout&rft.date=2001-12-23&rft.au=Larsen%2C+Elena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewinternet.org%2FPPF%2Fr%2F36%2Fpress_release.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_Giles2004" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, Giles (2004-05-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3706897.stm">"In cyberspace, can anyone hear you pray?"</a>. <i>BBC News Online Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online+Magazine&rft.atitle=In+cyberspace%2C+can+anyone+hear+you+pray%3F&rft.date=2004-05-12&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Giles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fmagazine%2F3706897.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLarmondin,_Leanne2000" class="citation web cs1">Larmondin, Leanne (February 1, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080821111028/http://www.anglicanjournal.com/opinion/news/article/attending-a-virtual-church-becoming-easier/">"Attending a virtual church becoming easier"</a>. <i>Anglican Journal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglicanjournal.com/opinion/news/article/attending-a-virtual-church-becoming-easier/">the original</a> on August 21, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anglican+Journal&rft.atitle=Attending+a+virtual+church+becoming+easier&rft.date=2000-02-01&rft.au=Larmondin%2C+Leanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglicanjournal.com%2Fopinion%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fattending-a-virtual-church-becoming-easier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span> </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3534017.stm">"Church plans parish in cyberspace"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2004-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Church+plans+parish+in+cyberspace&rft.date=2004-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F3534017.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3704205.stm">"First web-pastor appointed"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2004-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=First+web-pastor+appointed&rft.date=2004-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fmagazine%2F3704205.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSpar,_Debora2004" class="citation web cs1">Spar, Debora (September 24, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/2515.html">"Why the Internet Doesn't Change Everything"</a>. <i>Harvard Business School</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+School&rft.atitle=Why+the+Internet+Doesn%27t+Change+Everything&rft.date=2004-09-24&rft.au=Spar%2C+Debora&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbswk.hbs.edu%2Fitem%2F2515.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Brandon Buckner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.collidemagazine.com/article/302/redeeming-the-internet">[1]</a> Redeeming The Internet" Collide Magazine (Accessed April 1, 2011)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Internet_church_:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Internet_church_:0_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHutchings2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hutchings, Tim (December 2007). "Creating Church Online: A Case-Study Approach to Religious Experience". <i>Studies in World Christianity</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 243–260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fswc.2007.13.3.243">10.3366/swc.2007.13.3.243</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1354-9901">1354-9901</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143952797">143952797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+World+Christianity&rft.atitle=Creating+Church+Online%3A+A+Case-Study+Approach+to+Religious+Experience&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=243-260&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143952797%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1354-9901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fswc.2007.13.3.243&rft.aulast=Hutchings&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCatholic_Church._Pontificium_Consilium_de_Communicationibus_Socialibus.2002" class="citation book cs1">Catholic Church. Pontificium Consilium de Communicationibus Socialibus. (2002). <i>Ethics in communications</i>. Città del Vaticano: Libreria editrice vaticana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8820972786" title="Special:BookSources/8820972786"><bdi>8820972786</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50798819">50798819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+in+communications&rft.place=Citt%C3%A0+del+Vaticano&rft.pub=Libreria+editrice+vaticana&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50798819&rft.isbn=8820972786&rft.au=Catholic+Church.+Pontificium+Consilium+de+Communicationibus+Socialibus.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humbul.ac.uk/output/full5.php?id=455&sub=religion&ref=byheading&code=DD.52">"The Hindu Universe"</a>. <i>Humbul Humanities Hub, University of Oxford</i>. October 3, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humbul+Humanities+Hub%2C+University+of+Oxford&rft.atitle=The+Hindu+Universe&rft.date=2000-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humbul.ac.uk%2Foutput%2Ffull5.php%3Fid%3D455%26sub%3Dreligion%26ref%3Dbyheading%26code%3DDD.52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060824222924/http://asiasource.org/news/at_mp_02.cfm?newsid=39841">"Hinduism Online"</a>. <i>Asia Source</i>. January 3, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiasource.org/news/at_mp_02.cfm?newsid=39841">the original</a> on August 24, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Source&rft.atitle=Hinduism+Online&rft.date=2001-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiasource.org%2Fnews%2Fat_mp_02.cfm%3Fnewsid%3D39841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050210230137/http://www.sju.edu/cas/theology/Courses/2141/resources.htm">"Hinduism Internet Resources"</a>. <i>Saint Joseph's University</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sju.edu/cas/theology/Courses/2141/resources.htm">the original</a> on February 10, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saint+Joseph%27s+University&rft.atitle=Hinduism+Internet+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sju.edu%2Fcas%2Ftheology%2FCourses%2F2141%2Fresources.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BBC-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolpda/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_7006000/7006249.stm">"Worshippers celebrate with parade"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2007-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Worshippers+celebrate+with+parade&rft.date=2007-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fnolpda%2Fukfs_news%2Fhi%2Fnewsid_7006000%2F7006249.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJaeger,_John2002" class="citation web cs1">Jaeger, John (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130903023241/http://web.archive.org/web/20040203143353/http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2002/june/worldreligions.htm">"World religions on the Web"</a>. <i>American Library Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2002/june/worldreligions.htm">the original</a> on 2013-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Library+Association&rft.atitle=World+religions+on+the+Web&rft.date=2002-06&rft.au=Jaeger%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ala.org%2Fala%2Facrl%2Facrlpubs%2Fcrlnews%2Fbackissues2002%2Fjune%2Fworldreligions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBunt,_Gary2006" class="citation web cs1">Bunt, Gary (May 9, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtuallyislamic.com/">"Virtually Islamic"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virtually+Islamic&rft.date=2006-05-09&rft.au=Bunt%2C+Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtuallyislamic.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker,_Brian2003" class="citation news cs1">Whitaker, Brian (2003-08-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://technology.guardian.co.uk/online/comment/story/0,12449,1016429,00.html">"Islam at the electronic frontier"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Islam+at+the+electronic+frontier&rft.date=2003-08-11&rft.au=Whitaker%2C+Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechnology.guardian.co.uk%2Fonline%2Fcomment%2Fstory%2F0%2C12449%2C1016429%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/29997/format/html/displaystory.html">J Weekly Magazine of Northern California</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080926033341/http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/29997/format/html/displaystory.html">Archived</a> September 26, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "Local Jewish blog attempts to unite community", Amanda Ogus (Summer 2006)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishlife.org/pdf/spring_2006.pdf">Contact Magazine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060619003801/http://www.jewishlife.org/pdf/spring_2006.pdf">Archived</a> June 19, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "The Internet: Pathways and Possibilities", Various Authors (Spring 2006) - Adobe PDF Format</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/page_view_story.asp?intarticleid=16589&intcategoryid=4">JTA article</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208093121/http://www.jta.org/page_view_story.asp?intarticleid=16589&intcategoryid=4">Archived</a> December 8, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "From Internet pals to real friends, blogs remaking Jewish community", Sue Fishkoff (May 8, 2006)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBoutros2002" class="citation journal cs1">Boutros, Alexandra (November 2002). "Virtual Vodou: The Technologies of Faith in the Domains of Cyberspirituality". <i>Carleton University Europe-Russia Conference Series</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Carleton+University+Europe-Russia+Conference+Series&rft.atitle=Virtual+Vodou%3A+The+Technologies+of+Faith+in+the+Domains+of+Cyberspirituality&rft.date=2002-11&rft.aulast=Boutros&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRyan,_Nicholas2000" class="citation news cs1">Ryan, Nicholas (2000-03-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,3977131,00.html">"The Gospel of the Web"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Gospel+of+the+Web&rft.date=2000-03-23&rft.au=Ryan%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2FArchive%2FArticle%2F0%2C4273%2C3977131%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary,_Stephen2000" class="citation web cs1">O'Leary, Stephen (June 15, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ojr.org/ojr/ethics/1017964337.php">"Falun Gong and the Internet"</a>. <i>University of Southern California</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Southern+California&rft.atitle=Falun+Gong+and+the+Internet&rft.date=2000-06-15&rft.au=O%27Leary%2C+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ojr.org%2Fojr%2Fethics%2F1017964337.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-R&PC-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R&PC_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Possamai" title="Adam Possamai">Possamai</a>, Adam (2005). "Religion and Popular Culture: A Hyper-Real Testament", Peter Lang Publishing Group. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5201-272-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-5201-272-5">90-5201-272-5</a> / US-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8204-6634-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8204-6634-4">0-8204-6634-4</a> pb.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWhibley,_Amanda2005" class="citation web cs1">Whibley, Amanda (November 18, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051228161725/http://apps.uws.edu.au/media/news/index.phtml?act=view&story_id=1342">"God.com: Preaching the Word in a consumer-driven world"</a>. <i>University of Western Sydney</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.uws.edu.au/media/news/index.phtml?act=view&story_id=1342">the original</a> on December 28, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Western+Sydney&rft.atitle=God.com%3A+Preaching+the+Word+in+a+consumer-driven+world&rft.date=2005-11-18&rft.au=Whibley%2C+Amanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.uws.edu.au%2Fmedia%2Fnews%2Findex.phtml%3Fact%3Dview%26story_id%3D1342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMorris,_Linda2005" class="citation news cs1">Morris, Linda (2005-05-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Theyre-all-god-movies/2005/05/18/1116361618786.html">"They're all God Movies"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=They%27re+all+God+Movies&rft.date=2005-05-19&rft.au=Morris%2C+Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2FNational%2FTheyre-all-god-movies%2F2005%2F05%2F18%2F1116361618786.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreer2016195-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreer2016195_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreer2016195_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreer2016">Greer (2016)</a>, p. 195.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidester2005198-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChidester2005198_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChidester2005">Chidester (2005)</a>, p. 198.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidester2005199-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChidester2005199_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChidester2005">Chidester (2005)</a>, p. 199.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson2016201-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson2016201_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobertson2016">Robertson (2016)</a>, p. 201.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFRobertson2016 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Works_cited">Works cited</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_the_Internet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Works cited"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChidester2005" class="citation book cs1">Chidester, David (2005). <i>Authentic Fakes: Religion and American Popular Culture</i>. University of California Press. pp. 190–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93824-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93824-3"><bdi>978-0-520-93824-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authentic+Fakes%3A+Religion+and+American+Popular+Culture&rft.pages=190-212&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-93824-3&rft.aulast=Chidester&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGreer2016" class="citation book cs1">Greer, J. C. (2016). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Discordians stick apart': The institutional turn within contemporary Discordianism". In Cusack, Carole M.; Kosnáč, Pavol (eds.). <i>Invented Religions: Imagination, Fiction and Faith</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-11325-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-11325-6"><bdi>978-1-317-11325-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Discordians+stick+apart%27%3A+The+institutional+turn+within+contemporary+Discordianism&rft.btitle=Invented+Religions%3A+Imagination%2C+Fiction+and+Faith&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-11325-6&rft.aulast=Greer&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+the+Internet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_the_Internet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Further reading"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenda_E._Brasher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brenda E. Brasher (page does not exist)">Brenda E. Brasher</a>, <i>Give Me That Online Religion</i>, Rutgers (2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3436-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-3436-4">0-8135-3436-4</a>.</li>
<li>Gary R. Bunt, <i>Islam in the Digital Age: E-jihad, Online Fatwas and Cyber Islamic Environments</i>, Pluto, London 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7453-2099-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7453-2099-6">0-7453-2099-6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Cowan" title="Douglas E. Cowan">Douglas E. Cowan</a>, <i>Cyberhenge: Modern Pagans on the Internet</i>, Routledge (2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96911-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96911-5">0-415-96911-5</a>.</li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_and_..." style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_and_topic" title="Template:Religion and topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_and_topic" title="Template talk:Religion and topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_and_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion and topic"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_and_..." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and ...</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">(<i>Some topic...</i>) and religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Anarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_and_religion" title="Astronomy and religion">Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability </a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_and_religion" title="Fertility and religion">Fertility</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_religion" title="Gender and religion">Gender</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_religion" title="Law and religion">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Morality_and_religion" title="Morality and religion">Morality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Subud_and_religion" title="Subud and religion">Subud</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Transgender people</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_and_religion" title="Vaccination and religion">Vaccination</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_and_religion" title="World War I and religion">World War I</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Religion and (<i>some topic</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_abortion" title="Religion and abortion">abortion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and AIDS">AIDS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_alcohol" title="Religion and alcohol">alcohol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and animal rights">animal rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_authoritarianism" title="Religion and authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_birth_control" title="Religion and birth control">birth control</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">business</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_capital_punishment" title="Religion and capital punishment">capital punishment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_child_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and child marriage">child marriage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_children" title="Religion and children">children</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and climate change">climate change</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and communism">communism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_coping_with_trauma" title="Religion and coping with trauma">coping with trauma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and coronavirus">coronavirus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and corruption">corruption</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and crime">crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_the_death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and the death penalty">death penalty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_disability" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and disability">disability</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_divorce" title="Religion and divorce">divorce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and domestic violence">domestic violence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">drugs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_education_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and education in Pakistan">education in Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">environmentalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and ethics">ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_ethnicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and ethnicity">ethnicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_executions" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and executions">executions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_gambling" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and gambling">gambling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and gender">gender</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_geography" title="Religion and geography">geography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and government">government</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">happiness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_health" title="Religion and health">health</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Religion and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_human_migration" title="Religion and human migration">human migration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and identity">identity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and intelligence">intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_the_internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and the internet">the internet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBT_people" title="Religion and LGBT people">LGBT people</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mental_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and mental health">mental health</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and mental illness">mental illness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_schizophrenia" title="Religion and schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_morality" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and morality">morality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_negotiations" title="Religion and negotiations">negotiations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_pacifism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and pacifism">pacifism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">peacebuilding</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_personality" title="Religion and personality">personality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Religion and politics in the United States">politics in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_ritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and ritual">ritual</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">sexuality</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_adolescent_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and adolescent sexuality">adolescent</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_bestiality" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and bestiality">bestiality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_heterosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and heterosexuality">heterosexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_polygamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and polygamy">polygamy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_polygyny" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and polygyny">polygyny</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_pornography" title="Religious views on pornography">pornography</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_superstition" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and superstition">superstition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and terror">terror</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and torture">torture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and vaccination">vaccination</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">video games</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and violence">violence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and warfare">warfare</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Category:... and religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adoption_and_religion" title="Category:Adoption and religion">Adoption</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_Americans_and_religion" title="Category:African Americans and religion">African Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cannabis_and_religion" title="Category:Cannabis and religion">Cannabis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_and_religion" title="Category:Economics and religion">Economics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_and_religion" title="Category:Economy and religion">Economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_and_religion" title="Category:Environment and religion">Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Evolution_and_religion" title="Category:Evolution and religion">Evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_LGBT_and_religion" title="Category:Films about LGBT and religion">Films about LGBT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Freemasonry_and_religion" title="Category:Freemasonry and religion">Freemasonry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gender_and_religion" title="Category:Gender and religion">Gender</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hellenistic_philosophy_and_religion" title="Category:Hellenistic philosophy and religion">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBT_and_religion" title="Category:LGBT and religion">LGBT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_and_religion" title="Category:Liberalism and religion">Liberalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marriage_and_religion" title="Category:Marriage and religion">Marriage</a></li>
<li>Mythology
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aztec_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Aztec mythology and religion">Aztec</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maya_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Maya mythology and religion">Maya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mesoamerican_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Mesoamerican mythology and religion">Mesoamerican</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mixtec_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Mixtec mythology and religion">Mixtec</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muisca_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Muisca mythology and religion">Muisca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Olmec_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Olmec mythology and religion">Olmec</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-Columbian_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Pre-Columbian mythology and religion">Pre-Columbian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_and_religion" title="Category:Nature and religion">Nature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychedelics_and_religion" title="Category:Psychedelics and religion">Psychedelics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexual_abstinence_and_religion" title="Category:Sexual abstinence and religion">Sexual abstinence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality_and_religion" title="Category:Sexuality and religion">Sexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery_and_religion" title="Category:Slavery and religion">Slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamils_and_religion" title="Category:Tamils and religion">Tamils</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tobacco_and_religion" title="Category:Tobacco and religion">Tobacco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_topics_and_religion" title="Category:Transgender topics and religion">Transgender topics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Category:Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Water_and_religion" title="Category:Water and religion">Water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wealth_and_religion" title="Category:Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_and_religion" title="Category:Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Category:Religion and ...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_the_arts" title="Category:Religion and the arts">the arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_abortion" title="Category:Religion and abortion">abortion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_alcohol" title="Category:Religion and alcohol">alcohol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_atheism" title="Category:Religion and atheism">atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_capital_punishment" title="Category:Religion and capital punishment">capital punishment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_children" title="Category:Religion and children">children</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_death" title="Category:Religion and death">death</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_drugs" title="Category:Religion and drugs">drugs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_education" title="Category:Religion and education">education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_euthanasia" title="Category:Religion and euthanasia">euthanasia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Category:Religion and the French Revolution">the French Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_geography" title="Category:Religion and geography">geography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_government" title="Category:Religion and government">government</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_health" title="Category:Religion and health">health</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Category:Religion and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_law" title="Category:Religion and law">law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_medicine" title="Category:Religion and medicine">medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_music" title="Category:Religion and music">music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_peace" title="Category:Religion and peace">peace</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_race" title="Category:Religion and race">race</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_science" title="Category:Religion and science">science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">society</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society_by_country" title="Category:Religion and society by country">by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society_in_France" title="Category:Religion and society in France">in France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Religion and society in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_spirituality_podcasts" title="Category:Religion and spirituality podcasts">spirituality podcasts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_sports" title="Category:Religion and sports">sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_suicide" title="Category:Religion and suicide">suicide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_technology" title="Category:Religion and technology">technology</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node ($1) (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change ($1) (timestamp) | '1712917922' |