Examine individual changes

'{{short description|Organizations involved with motor vehicles}} [[File:002 Production line - car assembly line in General Motors Manufacturing Poland - Gliwice, Poland.jpg|thumb|An automotive [[assembly line]] at [[Opel Manufacturing Poland]] in 2015]] [[File:Škoda cars being transported by rail at Kutná Hora město train station, Czech Republic - 20140710.ogv|thumb|[[SEAT]], [[Škoda Auto|Škoda]], and [[Volkswagen]] cars being transported by train in [[Kutná Hora]], [[Czech Republic]] in 2014]] The '''automotive industry''' comprises a wide range of [[company|companies]] and [[organization]]s involved in the [[design]], [[Business development|development]], [[manufacturing]], [[marketing]], [[selling]], [[Maintenance|repairing]], and [[Custom car|modification]] of [[motor vehicle]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Britannica|45050|Automotive industry}}</ref> It is one of the world's largest [[industry (economics)|industries]] by [[revenue]] (from 16% such as in France up to 40% to countries like Slovakia).<ref>{{cite journal|url= https://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/contentype/scoreboard/2021-12/EU%20RD%20Scoreboard%202021%20FINAL%20online.pdf |access-date=27 February 2022|title=The 2021 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard |journal=European Commission}}</ref>{{Failed verification |date=August 2022 |reason=Cited report shows that ICT sector leads automotive in both gross and per-company R&D spending}} The word ''automotive'' comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''autos'' (self), and [[Latin]] ''motivus'' (of [[motion]]), referring to any form of self-powered vehicle. This term, as proposed by [[Elmer Ambrose Sperry|Elmer Sperry]]<ref name="STS of US"> {{cite book |title= Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States |year= 1968 |publisher= National Academy of Sciences |location=Washington, DC |page= 164 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pS8rAAAAYAAJ&q=Society+of+Automobile+Engineers+-inauthor%3A%22Society+of+Automotive+Engineers%22&pg=PA164 |edition= Eighth |access-date= 25 March 2014}}</ref>{{qn|date=October 2018}} (1860–1930), first came into use with reference to automobiles in 1898.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.carbidebur.com/automotive-industry/|title=Automotive Industry |website=carbidebur.com|language=en|access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref> '''Bold text'''== History == {{Update|section|date=January 2021}} {{Main|History of the automobile}} [[File:Thomas B Jeffery Works Drawing.jpg|thumb|The [[Thomas B. Jeffery Company]] automobile factory in [[Kenosha, Wisconsin]] around 1916]] [[File:Workers in Fiat factories, Turin.jpg|thumb|[[Fiat 1800 and 2100]] sedans being assembled at a [[Fiat]] factory in 1961]] The '''automotive industry''' began in the '''1860s''' with hundreds of manufacturers pioneering the [[Brass Era car|horseless carriage]]. Early car manufacturing involved manual assembly by a human worker. The process evolved from engineers working on a stationary car, to a conveyor belt system where the car passed through multiple stations of more specialized engineers. Starting in the 1960s, robotic equipment was introduced to the process, and today most cars are produced largely with automated machinery.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 October 2011 |title=The Timeline: Car manufacturing |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/motoring/features/timeline-car-manufacturing-2088018.html |website=The Timeline: Car Manufacturing |publisher=The Independent}}</ref> For many decades, the [[Automotive industry in the United States|United States]] led the world in total automobile production, with the U.S. [[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)|Big Three]] [[General Motors]], [[Ford Motor Company]] and [[Chrysler]] being the world's three largest auto manufacturers for a time, and G.M. and Ford remaining the two largest until mid-2000s. In 1929, before the [[Great Depression]], the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, of which more than 90% produced by the U.S. automobile industry. At that time, the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons.<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSgDAAAAMBAJ&q=U.S.+makes+ninety+percent+of+world's+automobiles&pg=PA84 |title=U.S. Makes Ninety Percent of World's Automobiles |magazine=Popular Science |date=November 1929 |page=84 |volume=115 |issue=5 |access-date=6 August 2013 }}</ref> After 1945, the U.S. produced around three quarters of world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by [[Automotive industry in Japan|Japan]] and then became a world leader again in 1994. Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production the years 2006 and 2007, and in 2008 also [[Automotive industry in China|China]], which in 2009 took the top spot (from Japan) with 13.8 million units, although the U.S. surpassed Japan in 2011, to become the second-largest automobile industry. In 2017, China reached its top record, of more than 29 million produced vehicles, which was the so far largest margin from that of the U.S. From 1970 (140 models) over 1998 (260 models) to 2012 (684 models), the number of automobile models in the U.S. has grown exponentially.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aichner|first1=T.|last2=Coletti|first2= P|date=2013|title=Customers' online shopping preferences in mass customization|journal=Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice|volume=15|issue=1|pages=20–35|doi=10.1057/dddmp.2013.34|s2cid=167801827|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Safety== {{Main|Automobile safety}} {{See also|2009–2011 Toyota vehicle recalls|General Motors ignition switch recalls|Firestone and Ford tire controversy}} [[File:IIHS Hyundai Tucson crash test.jpg|thumb|A 2010 [[Hyundai Tucson]] used for a [[crash test]] by the [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]]]] Safety is a state that implies being protected from any risk, danger, damage, or cause of injury. In the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators, or [[manufacturers]] do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves implies that there is no risk of damage. Safety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. [[Automobiles]] and other [[motor vehicles]] have to comply with a certain number of regulations, whether local or international, in order to be accepted on the market. The standard [[ISO 26262]], is considered one of the best practice frameworks for achieving automotive [[functional safety]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=54591 |title= ISO 26262-10:2012 Road vehicles -- Functional safety -- Part 10: Guideline on ISO 26262 |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |access-date=25 March 2014}}</ref> In case of safety issues, danger, [[product defect]], or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle, the maker can request to return either a batch or the entire production run. This procedure is called [[product recall]]. Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from raw materials. Product and operation tests and inspections at different stages of the [[value chain]] are made to avoid these product recalls by ensuring end-user security and safety and compliance with the automotive industry requirements. However, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences. ==Economy== {{See also|Automotive industry by country}} [[File:Vintage Pontiac Promotion.svg|thumb|An advertisement for the [[Pontiac 6]], {{circa|1928}}]] In 2007, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road, consuming over {{convert|980|e9litres|m3}} of [[gasoline]] and [[diesel fuel]] yearly.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Plunkett Research |url= http://www.plunkettresearch.com/Industries/AutomobilesTrucks/AutomobileTrends/tabid/89/Default.aspx |title=Automobile Industry Introduction |year=2008 |access-date=25 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101219120341/http://plunkettresearch.com/Industries/AutomobilesTrucks/AutomobileTrends/tabid/89/Default.aspx |archive-date=19 December 2010 }}</ref> The automobile is a primary mode of [[transport]]ation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of [[Boston Consulting Group]] predicted that, by 2014, one-third of world demand would be in the four [[BRIC]] markets (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). Meanwhile, in developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed.<ref name="twnside1">{{cite web|url= http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/gtrends/gtrends396.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121013151102/http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/gtrends/gtrends396.htm|first=Martin|last=Khor|title=Developing economies slowing down|archive-date=13 October 2012|work=twnside.org.sg|access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the younger generations of people (in highly urbanized countries) no longer want to own a car, and prefer other modes of transport.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Manufacturing/gx-global-automotive-consumer-study-europe-final.pdf |title=2014 Global Automotive Consumer Study : Exploring consumer preferences and mobility choices in Europe |publisher=Deloittelcom |access-date=3 July 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150704135550/http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Manufacturing/gx-global-automotive-consumer-study-europe-final.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2015 }}</ref> Other potentially powerful automotive markets are [[Iran]] and [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Paul A.|last=Eisenstein|url= http://www.thedetroitbureau.com/2010/01/building-brics-the-four-markets-that-could-soon-dominate-the-automotive-world/ |title=Building BRIC's: 4 Markets Could Soon Dominate the Auto World|website=www.thedetroitbureau.com|date=21 January 2010 }}</ref> Emerging automobile markets already buy more cars than established markets. According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the global [[Light commercial vehicle|light-vehicle]] sales in 2010. The study, performed in 2010 expected this trend to accelerate.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Truth About Cars|author=Bertel Schmitt|url= https://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2011/02/auto-industry-sets-new-world-record-in-2010-will-do-it-again-in-2011 |title=Auto Industry Sets New World Record In 2010. Will Do It Again In 2011|date=15 February 2011|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=J.D. Power and Associates|url= http://businesscenter.jdpower.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?ID=2011018|title=Global Automotive Outlook for 2011 Appears Positive as Mature Auto Markets Recover, Emerging Markets Continue to Expand|date=15 February 2011|access-date=7 August 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110217022100/http://businesscenter.jdpower.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?ID=2011018|archive-date=17 February 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, more recent reports (2012) confirmed the opposite; namely that the automotive industry was slowing down even in BRIC countries.<ref name="twnside1"/> In the United States, vehicle sales peaked in 2000, at 17.8 million units.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thecherrycreeknews.com/u-s-vehicle-sales-peaked-in-2005/ |title=U.S. vehicle sales peaked in 2000 |publisher=The Cherry Creek News |date=27 May 2015 |access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150528010752/http://www.thecherrycreeknews.com/u-s-vehicle-sales-peaked-in-2005/ |archive-date=28 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In July 2021, the European Commission released its "[[European Green Deal|Fit for 55]]" legislation package,<ref>{{cite news |title=European Green Deal: Commission proposes transformation of EU economy and society to meet climate ambitions |url= https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_3541 |work=European Commission |date=14 July 2021}}</ref> which contains important guidelines for the future of the automotive industry; all new cars on the European market must be [[Zero-emissions vehicle|zero-emission vehicles]] from 2035.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fit for 55: European Union to end sale of petrol and diesel models by 2035 |url= https://autovista24.autovistagroup.com/news/fit-for-55-european-union-to-end-sale-of-petrol-and-diesel-models-by-2035/ |work=Autovista24 |date=14 July 2021}}</ref> The governments of 24 developed countries and a group of major car manufacturers including [[General Motors|GM]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[Volvo]], [[BYD Auto]], [[Jaguar Land Rover]] and [[Mercedes-Benz]] committed to "work towards all sales of new cars and vans being zero emission globally by 2040, and by no later than 2035 in leading markets".<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Deal to end car emissions by 2040 idles as motor giants refuse to sign |url= https://www.ft.com/content/8c4a1809-902f-4582-a29e-1c83a97b9dff |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/8c4a1809-902f-4582-a29e-1c83a97b9dff |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |work=Financial Times |date=8 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Every carmaker that pledged to stop selling fossil-fuel vehicles by 2040 |url= https://www.carexpert.com.au/car-news/cop26-every-carmaker-that-pledged-to-stop-selling-fossil-fuel-vehicles-by-2040 |work=CarExpert |date=11 November 2021}}</ref> Major car manufacturing nations like the United States, Germany, China, Japan and South Korea, as well as [[Volkswagen]], [[Toyota]], [[Peugeot]], [[Honda]], [[Nissan]] and [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], did not pledge.<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Germany fails to sign up to 2040 combustion engine phaseout |url= https://www.dw.com/en/cop26-germany-fails-to-sign-up-to-2040-combustion-engine-phaseout/a-59777202 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=10 November 2021}}</ref> ==Environmental impacts== [[File:1975- US vehicle production share, by vehicle type.svg |thumb |Trucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward less efficient types of vehicles has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.<ref name=EPA_AutomotiveTrends_202212>{{cite web |title=Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report |url=https://www.epa.gov/automotive-trends/highlights-automotive-trends-report |website=EPA.gov |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902145941/https://www.epa.gov/automotive-trends/highlights-automotive-trends-report |archive-date=2 September 2023 |date=12 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Without the shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.<ref name=GlobalFuelEfficInit_202311>{{cite web |last1=Cazzola |first1=Pierpaolo |last2=Paoli |first2=Leonardo |last3=Teter |first3=Jacob |title=Trends in the Global Vehicle Fleet 2023 / Managing the SUV Shift and the EV Transition |url=https://www.globalfueleconomy.org/media/792523/gfei-trends-in-the-global-vehicle-fleet-2023-spreads.pdf |publisher=Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126092826/https://www.globalfueleconomy.org/media/792523/gfei-trends-in-the-global-vehicle-fleet-2023-spreads.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2023 |page=3 |doi=10.7922/G2HM56SV |date=November 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] The global automotive industry is a major consumer of water. Some estimates surpass {{cvt|39,000|impgal|L|order=flip}} of water per car manufactured, depending on whether tyre production is included. Production processes that use a significant volume of water include surface treatment, painting, coating, washing, cooling, air-conditioning, and boilers, not counting component manufacturing. Paintshop operations consume especially large amounts of water because equipment running on water-based products must also be cleaned with water.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Isaiah |first1=David |title=Water, water, everywhere in vehicle manufacturing |url= https://www.automotiveworld.com/articles/water-water-everywhere-vehicle-manufacturing/ |website=Automotive World |date=6 October 2014}}</ref> In 2022, Tesla's [[Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg]] ran into legal challenges due to droughts and falling groundwater levels in the region. Brandenburg's Economy Minister Joerg Steinbach said that while water supply was sufficient during the first stage, more would be needed once Tesla expands the site. The factory would nearly double the water consumption in the Gruenheide area, with 1.4 million cubic meters being contracted from local authorities per year — enough for a city of around 40,000 people. Steinbach said that the authorities would like to drill for more water there and outsource any additional supply if necessary.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raymunt |first1=Monica |last2=Wilkes |first2=William |title=Elon Musk Laughed at the Idea of Tesla Using Too Much Water. Now It's a Real Problem |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-22/elon-musk-dismissed-tesla-tsla-german-factory-water-issue-now-it-s-a-problem |website=bloomberg.com |date=22 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ==World motor vehicle production== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | width = 350 | header = World motor vehicle production<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bts.gov/bts/archive/publications/national_transportation_statistics/table_01_23 |title=Table 1-23: World Motor Vehicle Production, Selected Countries (Thousands of vehicles) |publisher=[[Bureau of Transportation Statistics]] |date= 23 May 2017|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> | header_align = center | image1 = Motor_Vehicle_Prod_volume_RITA_T1-23.svg | caption1 = {{center|Production volume (1000 vehicles)}} '''1960s''': Post-war increase '''1970s''': [[1970s energy crisis|Oil]] crisis and tighter safety and emission regulation '''1990s''': Production started in [[Newly industrialized country|NICs]]. '''2000s''': Rise of China as a top producer [[Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010]] | image2 = Motor_Vehicle_Prod_share_RITA_T1-23.svg | alt2 = | caption2 = '''To 1950''': US had produced more than 80% of motor vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrogenambassadors.com/meet-aae/whec15/17.php |title=Arno A. Evers FAIR-PR |publisher=Hydrogenambassadors.com |access-date=3 July 2015}}</ref> '''1950s''': United Kingdom, Germany, and France restarted production. '''1960s''': Japan started production and increased volume through the 1980s. United States, Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom produced about 80% of motor vehicles through the 1980s. '''1990s''': South Korea became a volume producer. In 2004, Korea became No. 5 passing France. '''2000s''': China increased its production drastically, and became the world's largest-producing country in 2009. '''2010s''': India overtakes Korea, Canada, Spain to become 5th largest automobile producer. '''2013''': The share of China (25.4%), India, Korea, Brazil, and Mexico rose to 43%, while the share of United States (12.7%), Japan, Germany, France, and United Kingdom fell to 34%. '''2018''': India overtakes Germany to become 4th largest automobile producer. }} [[File:World motor production (1997-2016).png|thumb|707x707px|World motor production (1997–2016)]] ===By year=== {{See also|List of countries by motor vehicle production}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! width="48" | Year ! width="67" | Production ! width="52" | Change ! width="70" | Source |- style="text-align:center" | 1997 | 54,434,000 | — | <ref name= "OICA9798">{{cite web|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/cl98type.pdf|title=1998 - 1997 world motor vehicle production by type and economic area|access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" style="text-align:center" | 1998 | 52,987,000 | {{decrease}} 2.7% | <ref name= "OICA9798"/> |- style="text-align:center" | 1999 | 56,258,892 | {{increase}} 6.2% | <ref>{{cite web|title=1999 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/1999-statistics/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2000 | 58,374,162 | {{increase}} 3.8% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2000 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2000-statistics/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2001 | 56,304,925 | {{decrease}} 3.5% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2001 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2001-statistics/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2002 | 58,994,318 | {{increase}} 4.8% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2002 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2002-statistics/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2003 | 60,663,225 | {{increase}} 2.8% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2003 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2003-statistics/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2004 | 64,496,220 | {{increase}} 6.3% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2004 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2004-statistics/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2005 | 66,482,439 | {{increase}} 3.1% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2005 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2005-statistics/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2006 | 69,222,975 | {{increase}} 4.1% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2006 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2006-statistics/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2007 | 73,266,061 | {{increase}} 5.8% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2007 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2007-statistics/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2008 | 70,520,493 | {{decrease}} 3.7% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2008 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2008-statistics/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2009 | 61,791,868 | {{decrease}} 12.4% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2009 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2009-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2010 | 77,857,705 | {{increase}} 26.0% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2010 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2010-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2011 | 79,989,155 | {{increase}} 3.1% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2011-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2012 | 84,141,209 | {{increase}} 5.3% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2012 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2012-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2013 | 87,300,115 | {{increase}} 3.7% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2013 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2013-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2014 | 89,747,430 | {{increase}} 2.6% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2014 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2014-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2015 | 90,086,346 | {{increase}} 0.4% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2015 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2015-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2016 | 94,976,569 | {{increase}} 4.5% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2016 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2016-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2017 | 97,302,534 | {{increase}} 2.36% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2017 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2017-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2018 | 95,634,593 | {{decrease}} 1.71% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2018 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2018-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2019 | 91,786,861 | {{decrease}} 5.2% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2019 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2019-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2020 | 77,621,582 | {{decrease}} 16% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2020 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2020-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2021 | 80,145,988 | {{increase}} 3.25% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2021 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2021-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2022 | 85,016,728 | {{increase}} 6.08% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2022 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2022-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" |} <ref name=oi15/> [[File:2014 Cars Countries Export Treemap.png|thumb|upright=1.35|left|Percentage of exported cars by country (2014){{clarify|reason=Cars only or also includes trucks, motorcycles, buses, etc?|date=October 2023}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/explore/tree_map/export/show/all/8703/2014/ |title=Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity |publisher=Harvard University |location=US |year=2014 |access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref>]] [[File:Global imports and exports of cars.png|upright=1.35|thumb|Global automobile import and export in 2011]] {{clear}} ===By country=== {{Main|Automotive industry by country}} The [[Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles|OICA]] counts over 50 countries that assemble, manufacture, or disseminate automobiles. Of those, only 15 countries ('''boldfaced''' in the list below) currently possess the capability to design original production automobiles from the ground up.<ref name="Australia auto industry 2015 smh.com.au">{{cite news|first1=Jared |last1=Lynch |first2=Mark |last2=Hawthorne |url= http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/australias-car-industry-one-year-from-closing-its-doors-20151012-gk7ip0.html |title=Australia's car industry one year from closing its doors |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=17 October 2015 |access-date=27 May 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170527042758/http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/australias-car-industry-one-year-from-closing-its-doors-20151012-gk7ip0.html |archive-date=27 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/By-country.pdf |title=World Motor Vehicle Production by Country and Type |website=oica.net |access-date=9 October 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171118081637/http://www.oica.net:80/wp-content/uploads/By-country.pdf |archive-date=18 November 2017 }}</ref> {{columns-list|colwidth=18em| * [[Algeria]] * [[Argentina]] * '''Australia''' ([[Automotive industry in Australia|''main page'']]) * [[Austria]] * [[Azerbaijan]] * [[Bangladesh]] ([[Automotive industry in Bangladesh|''main page'']]) * [[Belarus]] ([[Automotive industry in Belarus|''main page'']]) * [[Belgium]] * Brazil ([[Automotive industry in Brazil|''main page'']]) * Bulgaria ([[Automotive industry in Bulgaria|''main page'']]) * Canada ([[Automotive industry in Canada|''main page'']]) * '''China''' ([[Automotive industry in China|''main page'']]) * [[Colombia]] * [[Czech Republic]] ([[Automotive industry in the Czech Republic|''main page'']]) * [[Ecuador]] * Egypt ([[Automotive industry in Egypt|''main page'']]) * [[Finland]] * '''France''' ([[Automotive industry in France|''main page'']]) * [[Ghana]] ([[Manufacturing in Ghana#Automobile manufacturing|''main page'']]) * '''Germany''' ([[Automotive industry in Germany|''main page'']]) * [[Hungary]] ([[Automotive industry in Hungary|''main page'']]) * '''India''' ([[Automotive industry in India|''main page'']]) * [[Indonesia]] ([[Automotive industry in Indonesia|''main page'']]) * '''Iran''' ([[Automotive industry in Iran|''main page'']]) * '''Italy''' ([[Automotive industry in Italy|''main page'']]) * '''Japan''' ([[Automotive industry in Japan|''main page'']]) * [[Jordan]] * [[Kazakhstan]] * [[Kenya]] ([[Automotive industry in Kenya|''main page'']]) * '''Malaysia''' ([[Automotive industry in Malaysia|''main page'']]) * [[Mexico]] ([[Automotive industry in Mexico|''main page'']]) * [[Morocco]] ([[Automotive industry in Morocco|''main page'']]) * [[Netherlands]] * Pakistan ([[Automotive industry in Pakistan|''main page'']]) * [[Philippines]] ([[Automotive industry in the Philippines|''main page'']]) * Poland ([[Automotive industry in Poland|''main page'']]) * [[Portugal]] * [[Romania]] ([[Automotive industry in Romania|''main page'']]) * '''Russia''' ([[Automotive industry in Russia|''main page'']]) * [[Serbia]] ([[Automotive industry in Serbia|''main page'']]) * [[Slovakia]] ([[Automotive industry in Slovakia|''main page'']]) * [[Slovenia]] * South Africa ([[Automotive industry in South Africa|''main page'']]) * '''South Korea''' ([[Automotive industry in South Korea|''main page'']]) * Spain ([[Automotive industry in Spain|''main page'']]) * '''Sweden''' ([[Automotive industry in Sweden|''main page'']]) * [[Syria]] * [[Taiwan]] * [[Thailand]] ([[Automotive industry in Thailand|''main page'']]) * [[Tunisia]] * [[Turkey]] ([[Automotive industry in Turkey|''main page'']]) * [[Ukraine]] ([[Automotive industry in Ukraine|''main page'']]) * '''United Kingdom''' ([[Automotive industry in the United Kingdom|''main page'']]) * '''United States''' ([[Automotive industry in the United States|''main page'']]) * [[Uzbekistan]] ([[Automotive industry in Uzbekistan|''main page'']]) * [[Venezuela]] * [[Vietnam]] ([[Automotive industry in Vietnam|''main page'']]) }} <br/> {{Bar chart | title = Top 20 motor vehicle producing countries (2022) | bar_width = 50 | width_units = em | label_type = Country | data_type = Motor vehicle production (units) | label1 = China | data1 = 27,020,615 | label2 = United States | data2 = 10,060,339 | label3 = Japan | data3 = 7,835,519 | label4 = India | data4 = 5,456,857 | label5 = South Korea | data5 = 3,757,049 | label6 = Germany | data6 = 3,677,820 | label7 = Mexico | data7 = 3,509,072 | label8 = Brazil | data8 = 2,369,769 | label9 = Spain | data9 = 2,219,462 | label10 = Others | data10 = 2,030,138 | label11 = Thailand | data11 = 1,883,515 | label12 = Indonesia | data12 = 1,470,146 | label13 = France | data13 = 1,383,173 | label14 = Turkey | data14 = 1,352,648 | label15 = Canada | data15 = 1,228,735 | label16 = Czech Republic | data16 = 1,224,456 | label17 = Slovakia | data17 = 1,000,000 | label18 = United Kingdom | data18 = 876,614 | label19 = Italy | data19 = 796,394 | label20 = Malaysia | data20 = 702,275 | caption = † = cars and LCV only<ref>{{cite web |title=2022 Production Statistics |publisher=[[Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles|OICA]] |url=http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2022-statistics/ |access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref> }} ===By manufacturer=== {{main|List of manufacturers by motor vehicle production}} {{See Also|List of car brands}} These were the ten largest manufacturers by production volume as of 2017,<ref name=oi15>{{cite web |title=World Motor Vehicle Production: World Ranking of Manufacturers, Year 2017 |publisher=[[International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers|OICA]] |url=http://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/World-Ranking-of-Manufacturers-1.pdf |access-date=5 May 2019}}</ref> of which the eight largest were in the top 8 positions since [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|Fiat's 2013 acquisition]] of the [[Chrysler]] Corporation (although the [[PSA Group]] had been in the top 8 1999 to 2012) and the five largest in the top 5 positions since 2007, according to OICA, which, however, stopped publishing statistics of motor vehicle production by manufacturer after 2017. All ten remained as the ten largest automakers by sales until [[Stellantis|the merger between Fiat-Chrysler and the PSA Group in early 2021]]; only [[Renault]] was degraded to 11th place, in 2022, when being surpassed by both [[BMW]] (which became the 10th largest in 2021) and [[Changan Automobile|Chang'an]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.factorywarrantylist.com/car-sales-by-manufacturer.html | title=Top 15 Automakers in the World &#124; Car Sales Rank Worldwide }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Rank{{efn|name=Rank|As of 2017}} !! Group !! Country !! data-sort-type="number" | Produced <br> vehicles (2017)<ref name=oi15/> !! data-sort-type="number" | Sold vehicles <br> (2018) !! data-sort-type="number" | Sold vehicles <br> (2019)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.factorywarrantylist.com/car-sales-by-manufacturer.html |title=2020 Worldwide Car Sales by Manufacturer |publisher=F&I Tools USA |date=2022 |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref> |- | 1||[[Toyota]] || Japan || 10,466,051 || 10,521,134 || 10,741,556 |- | 2||[[Volkswagen Group]] || Germany || 10,382,334 || 10,831,232 || 10,975,352 |- | 3||[[General Motors]] <br/> <small>(except [[SAIC-GM-Wuling]]){{efn|name=SAIC-GM-Wuling|OICA lists SAIC-GM-Wuling combined with G.M. until 2014 but separately from 2015. Including SAIC-GM-Wuling, G.M. would still be larger than Hyundai until 2020.}}</small> || United States || 9,027,658 <br/> <small>(6,856,880)</small> || 8,787,233 || 7,724,163 |- | 4||[[Hyundai Motor Group|Hyundai/Kia]]|| South Korea || 7,218,391 ||7,437,209 || 7,189,893 |- | 5||[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]|| United States || 6,386,818 || 5,734,217 || 5,385,972 |- | 6||[[Nissan]] || Japan || 5,769,277 || 5,653,743 || 5,176,211 |- | 7||[[Honda]] || Japan || 5,235,842 || 5,265,892 || 5,323,319 |- | 8||[[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|Fiat-Chrysler]] <br/> <small>(now part of [[Stellantis]])</small>|| Italy/United States || 4,600,847 || 4,841,366 || 4,612,673 |- | 9||[[Renault]] || France || 4,153,589 || 3,883,987 || 3,749,815 |- | 10||[[PSA Group]] <br/> <small>(now part of [[Stellantis]])</small> || France || 3,649,742 || 4,126,349 || 3,479,152 |} ==Notable company relationships== {{Expand list|date=December 2020}} === Stake holding === It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies. Notable current relationships include:{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}} *[[Daihatsu]] holds a 25% stake in [[Perodua]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.perodua.com.my/corporate/company |title=Perusahaan Ootmobil Kedua |trans-title=Second Automobile Company |publisher=Perodua |location=Malaysia |date=17 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117015645/http://www.perodua.com.my/corporate/company |archive-date=17 January 2017}}</ref> *[[Daimler AG|Daimler]] holds a 10.0% stake in [[KAMAZ]]. * Daimler holds an 89.29% stake in [[Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation]]. * Daimler holds a 3.1% in the [[Renault-Nissan Alliance]], while [[Renault-Nissan Alliance]] holds a 3.1% share in [[Daimler AG]]. * Daimler holds a 12% stake in [[Beijing Automotive Group|BAIC Group]], while [[Beijing Automotive Group|BAIC Group]] holds 5% stake in Daimler.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sun |first1=Edward |last2=Taylor |first2=Yilei |date=23 July 2019 |title=China's BAIC buys 5% Daimler stake to cement alliance |work=Reuters |location=US |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-baic-daimler-idUSKCN1UI0IY |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref> * Daimler holds an 85% stake in [[Master Motors]]. * [[Dongfeng Motor]] holds a 12.23% stake and a 19.94% exercisable voting rights in [[Groupe PSA|PSA Groupe]]. * [[FAW Group]] owns 49% of [[Haima Automobile]]. * [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]] holds a 10% stake in [[Ferrari]]. * FCA holds a 67% stake in [[Fiat Automobili Srbija]]. * FCA holds 37.8% of [[Tofaş]] with another 37.8% owned by [[Koç Holding]]. * [[Fiat Automobili Srbija]] owns a 54% stake in [[Zastava Trucks]]. * [[Fiat Industrial]] owns a 46% stake in [[Zastava Trucks]]. * [[Fujian Motors Group]] holds a 15% stake in [[King Long]]. FMG, Beijing Automotive Group, [[China Motor Corporation|China Motor]], and Daimler has a joint venture called [[Fujian Benz]]. FMG, China Motor, and Mitsubishi Motors has a joint venture called [[Soueast]], FMG holds a 50% stake, and both China Motor and Mitsubishi Motors holds an equal 25% stake. * [[Geely Automobile]] holds a 23% stake in [[London EV Company|The London Taxi Company]]. * Geely Automobile holds a 49.9% stake in [[PROTON Holdings]] and a 51% stake in [[Lotus Cars]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-23/proton-owner-said-to-agree-to-sell-stake-in-carmaker-to-geely-j31o98jt|title=China's Geely to Acquire Stake in Malaysian Carmaker Proton|date=23 May 2017|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=28 June 2017}}</ref> * [[Geely Holding Group]] holds a 9.69% stake in [[Daimler AG]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mercedes and Geely joint ownership of Smart|url=https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/smart/106448/mercedes-and-geely-officially-announce-joint-ownership-of-smart-brand|access-date=5 December 2020|website=Auto Express|language=en}}</ref> * Geely Holding Group holds an 8.3% stake and a 15.9% exercisable voting rights in [[Volvo]]. *[[General Motors]] holds a 93% stake in [[General Motors India|GM India]] and [[Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation|SAIC Group]] holds a 7% stake. * [[General Motors]] holds a 48.19% stake in [[GM Korea]]. * General Motors holds a 20% stake in [[Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines]]. * [[Isuzu]] owns 10% of [[Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines]]. * [[Marcopolo S.A.|Marcopolo]] owns 19% of [[New Flyer Industries]]. * [[Mitsubishi Group]] holds 20% of [[Mitsubishi Motors]]. * [[Nissan]] owns 34% of [[Mitsubishi Motors]] since October 2016,<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/business-36273122|title=Nissan to take 34% stake in Mitsubishi Motors |work=BBC News |date=12 May 2016 |language=en-GB|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref> thus having the right to nominate the chairman of Mitsubishi Motors' board and a third of its directors. * Nissan owns 43% of [[Nissan Shatai]]. * [[Porsche|Porsche Automobil Holding SE]] has a 50.74% voting stake in [[Volkswagen Group]]. The Porsche automotive business is fully owned by the Volkswagen Group. * [[Renault]] and [[Nissan Motors]] have an alliance ([[Renault-Nissan Alliance]]) involving two global companies linked by cross-shareholding, with Renault holding 43.4% of Nissan shares, and Nissan holding 15% of (non-voting) Renault shares. * Renault holds a 25% stake in [[AvtoVAZ]] * Renault holds an 80.1% stake in [[Renault Samsung]]. * [[SAIPA]] holds a 51% stake in [[Pars Khodro]]. *[[Tata Motors]] holds a 100% stake in [[Jaguar Land Rover]]. * [[Toyota]] holds a 100% stake in [[Daihatsu]]. * Toyota holds a 100% stake in [[Hino Motors|Hino]]. *Toyota holds a 4.6% stake in [[Isuzu Motors|Isuzu]]. *Toyota holds a 5.05% stake in [[Mazda]], while Mazda holds 0.25% stake in Toyota.<ref>[http://www.caradvice.com.au/572997/toyota-buys-stake-in-mazda-joint-us-factory-ev-development-planned/ Toyota buys stake in Mazda, joint US factory, EV development planned | CarAdvice<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> * Toyota holds a 16.7% stake in [[Subaru Corporation]], parent company of [[Subaru]]. * Toyota holds a 4.94% stake in [[Suzuki]], while Suzuki holds 0.2% stake in Toyota.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-toyota-suzuki-idUSKCN1VI0MI|title=Toyota pulls Suzuki firmly into its orbit through stake deal|date=28 August 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=11 February 2020|language=en}}</ref> * [[Volkswagen Group]] holds a 99.55% stake in the [[Audi|Audi Group]]. * Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73% stake in [[Scania AB|Scania]] (68.6% voting rights), a 53.7% stake in [[MAN SE]] (55.9% voting rights). Volkswagen is integrating Scania, MAN, and its own truck division into one division. * [[Paccar]] has a 19% stake in [[Tatra (company)|Tatra]]. * [[ZAP (motor company)|ZAP]] holds a 51% stake in [[Jonway|Zhejiang Jonway]]. === Joint ventures === ==== China joint venture ==== * [[Beijing Automotive Group]] has a joint venture with [[Daimler AG|Daimler]] called [[Beijing Benz]], both companies hold a 50-50% stake. both companies also have a joint venture called [[Beijing Automotive Group#Truck-making venture|Beijing Foton Daimler Automobile]]. * Beijing Automotive Group also has a joint venture with [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] called [[Beijing Hyundai]], both companies hold a 50-50% stake. * [[BMW]] and [[Brilliance Auto|Brilliance]] have a joint venture called [[BMW Brilliance]]. BMW owns a 50% stake, Brilliance owns a 40.5% stake, and the Shenyang municipal government owns a 9.5% stake. * [[Changan Automobile]] has a joint venture with [[Groupe PSA]] ([[Changan PSA]]), and both hold a 50-50% stake. * Changan Automobile has a joint venture with [[Suzuki]] ([[Changan Suzuki]]), and both hold a 50-50% stake. * Changan Automobile has a 50-50% joint venture with [[Mazda]] ([[Changan Mazda]]). * Changan Automobile and [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] have a 50-50% joint venture called [[Changan Ford]]. * Changan Automobile and [[JMCG]] have a joint venture called [[Jiangling Motor Holding]]. * [[Chery]] has a joint venture with [[Jaguar Land Rover]] called [[Chery Jaguar Land Rover]], both companies hold a 50-50% stake.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cheryjaguarlandrover.com/pc_static/company/index_en.php |title=Corporate Introduction |website=Chery Jaguar Land Rover |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref> * Chery and [[Israel Corporation]] have a joint venture called [[Qoros]], and both companies hold a 50-50% stake. * [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation|Dongfeng Motor]] and [[Nissan]] have a 50-50% joint venture called [[Dongfeng Motor Company]]. * [[Daimler AG]] and [[BYD Auto]] have a joint venture called [[Denza]], both companies hold a 50-50% stake. * Daimler AG and [[Geely Holding Group]] have a joint venture called [[Smart (marque)|smart Automobile]], both companies hold a 50-50% stake.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Mercedes-Benz and Geely Holding have formally established its global joint venture "smart Automobile Co., Ltd." for the smart brand|url= https://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/Mercedes-Benz-and-Geely-Holding-have-formally-established-its-global-joint-venture-smart-Automobile-Co-Ltd-for-the-smart-brand.xhtml?oid=45340879 |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=media.daimler.com |language=en}}</ref> * Dongfeng Motor and [[Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën|PSA Group]] have a 50-50% joint venture called [[Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën]]. * Dongfeng Motor has a 50-50% joint venture with [[Honda]] called [[Dongfeng Honda]]. * Dongfeng Motor has a joint venture with [[AB Volvo]] called [[Dongfeng Nissan-Diesel Company|Dongfeng Nissan-Diesel]]. * Dongfeng Motor has a 50-50% joint venture with [[Renault]] named [[Dongfeng Renault]] in [[Wuhan]], which was founded in the end of 2013 * [[FAW Group]] and [[General Motors]] has a 50-50 joint venture called [[FAW-GM]]. * FAW Group has a 50-50 joint venture with [[Volkswagen Group]] called [[FAW-Volkswagen]]. * FAW Group has a 50-50 joint venture with [[Toyota Motor Company|Toyota]] called [[Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor]] and both companies also have another joint venture called [[Ranz]]. * [[General Motors]] and [[SAIC Motor]], both have two joint ventures in [[SAIC-GM]] and [[SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. * [[Navistar International]] and [[Anhui Jianghuai Automobile|JAC]] has a joint venture called [[Navistar International#Anhui Jianghuai Navistar|Anhui Jianghuai Navistar]]. ==== Outside China ==== * [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] and [[Navistar International]] have a 50-50 joint venture called [[Navistar International#Blue Dimond Truck|Blue Diamond Truck]]. * Ford and [[Sollers JSC]] have a 50-50 joint venture called [[Ford Sollers]]. * Ford and [[Koç Holding]] have a 50-50 joint venture called [[Ford Otosan]]. * Ford and Lio Ho Group have a joint venture called [[Ford Lio Ho]], Ford owns 70% and Lio Ho Group owns 30%. * General Motors and UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture called [[GM Uzbekistan]], UzAvtosanoat owns 75% and General Motors owns 25%. * General Motors, [[AvtoVAZ]], and [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development|EBRD]] have a joint venture called [[GM-AvtoVAZ]], Both GM and AvtoVAZ owns 41.61% and EBRD owns 16.76%. * [[Hyundai Motor Company]] and Kibar Holding has a joint venture called [[Hyundai Assan Otomotiv]], [[Hyundai Motor Group|Hyundai]] owns 70% and Kibar Holding owns 30%. * [[Isuzu Motors|Isuzu]] and Anadolu Group have a 50-50% joint venture called [[Isuzu (Anadolu)|Anadolu Isuzu]]. * Isuzu and [[General Motors]] has a 50-50% joint venture called [[Isuzu Truck South Africa]]. * Isuzu, [[Sollers JSC]], and Imperial Sojitz have a joint venture called [[Sollers-Isuzu]], Sollers JSC owns 66%, Isuzu owns 29%, and Imperial Sojitz owns 5%. * [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] and [[Navistar International]] have a joint venture called [[Mahindra Navistar|Mahindra Trucks and Buses Limited]]. Mahindra & Mahindra owns 51% and Navistar International owns 49%. * [[MAN SE]] and UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture called [[MAN Auto-Uzbekistan]], UzAvtosanoat owns 51% and MAN SE owns 49%. * [[Groupe PSA|PSA]] and [[Toyota]] have a 50-50% joint venture called [[Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech]]. *PSA and [[CK Birla Group]] (AVTEC) have a 50-50% joint venture called PSA AVTEC Powertrain Pvt. Ltd. * [[Sollers JSC]] is involved in joint ventures with [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] ([[Ford Sollers]] ) and [[Mazda]] to produce cars. * [[Tata Motors]] also formed a joint venture in India with [[Fiat]] and gained access to Fiat's diesel engine technology. * Tata Motors and [[Marcopolo S.A.|Marcopolo]] have a joint venture called [[Tata Marcopolo]], where Tata owns 51% and Marcopolo owns 49%. * [[Volvo|Volvo Group]] and [[Eicher Motors]] have a 50-50% joint venture called VE Commercial Vehicles. ==See also== {{div col}} * [[2008–2010 automotive industry crisis]] * [[Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers]] * [[Automotive industry by country]] * [[Automotive industry in the United States]] * [[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)]] * [[Effects of the 2008–10 automotive industry crisis on the United States]] * [[List of countries by motor vehicle production]] * [[Motocycle]] {{div col end}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Further reading== * Ajitha, P. V., and Ankita Nagra. "An Overview of Artificial Intelligence in Automobile Industry–A Case Study on Tesla Cars." ''Solid State Technology'' 64.2 (2021): 503–512. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ankita-Nagra/publication/349298066_An_Overview_of_Artificial_Intelligence_in_Automobile_Industry_-A_Case_Study_on_Tesla_Cars/links/60290f534585158939a2b5e6/An-Overview-of-Artificial-Intelligence-in-Automobile-Industry-A-Case-Study-on-Tesla-Cars.pdf online] * Banerjee, Preeta M., and Micaela Preskill. "The role of government in shifting firm innovation focus in the automobile industry" in ''Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Sustainability'' (Routledge, 2017) pp. 108–129. * Bohnsack, René, et al. "Driving the electric bandwagon: The dynamics of incumbents' sustainable innovation." ''Business Strategy and the Environment'' 29.2 (2020): 727–743 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/bse.2430 online]. * Bungsche, Holger. "Regional economic integration and the automobile industry: automobile policies, division of labour, production network formation and market development in the EU and ASEAN." ''International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management'' 18.4 (2018): 345–370. * Chen, Yuan, C-Y. Cynthia Lin Lawell, and Yunshi Wang. "The Chinese automobile industry and government policy." ''Research in Transportation Economics'' 84 (2020): 100849. [http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/lin/China_auto_mkt_JTRF_paper.pdf online] * Clark, Kim B., et al. "Product development in the world auto industry." ''Brookings Papers on economic activity'' 1987.3 (1987): 729–781. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kim-Clark-2/publication/4909817_Product_Development_in_the_World_Auto_Industry/links/53fdfc560cf22f21c2f90e91/Product-Development-in-the-World-Auto-Industry.pdf online] * Guzik, Robert, Bolesław Domański, and Krzysztof Gwosdz. "Automotive industry dynamics in Central Europe." in ''New Frontiers of the Automobile Industry'' (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020) pp. 377–397. * Imran, Muhammad, and Jawad Abbas. "The role of strategic orientation in export performance of China automobile industry." in ''Handbook of Research on Managerial Practices and Disruptive Innovation in Asia'' (2020): 249–263. * Jetin, Bruno. "Who will control the electric vehicle market?" ''International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management'' 20.2 (2020): 156–177. [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03193666/document online] * Kawahara, Akira. ''The origin of competitive strength: fifty years of the auto industry in Japan and the US'' (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012). * Kuboniwa, Masaaki. "Present and future problems of developments of the Russian auto-industry." ''RRC Working Paper'' Series 15 (2009): 1–12. [https://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/rrc/Japanese/pdf/RRC_WP_No15.pdf online] * Lee, Euna, and Jai S. Mah. "Industrial policy and the development of the electric vehicles industry: The case of Korea." ''Journal of technology management & innovation'' 15.4 (2020): 71–80. [https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-27242020000400071&script=sci_arttext&tlng=p online] * Link, Stefan J. ''Forging Global Fordism: Nazi Germany, Soviet Russia, and the Contest over the Industrial Order'' (2020) [https://www.amazon.com/Forging-Global-Fordism-Germany-Industrial/dp/0691177546/ excerpt]; influential overview * Liu, Shiyong. "Competition and Valuation: A Case Study of Tesla Motors." ''IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science'' . Vol. 692. No. 2. (IOP Publishing, 2021) [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022103/pdf online] * Miglani, Smita. 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