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{{Culture of Peru}}
'''Peruvian culture''' is the gradual blending of Amerindian cultures with European and African ethnic groups. The ethnic diversity and rugged [[geography of Peru]] allowed diverse [[traditions]] and customs to co-exist. Peruvian culture has been deeply influenced by Native culture, [[Spanish culture]], and [[African culture]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indigenous Culture {{!}} Multiple Ethnic & Linguistic groups {{!}} Northern Peru's Amazon & Andean Regions|url=https://www.perunorth.com/indigenous-culture-in-northern-peru|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Northern Peru & Amazonia Tours {{!}} Kuelap & Gocta {{!}} Amazon River Cruises & Lodges|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Belknap|first1=Daniel F.|last2=Sandweiss|first2=Daniel H.|date=2014-06-03|title=Effect of the Spanish Conquest on coastal change in Northwestern Peru|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=111|issue=22|pages=7986–7989|doi=10.1073/pnas.1404568111|issn=0027-8424|pmid=24843118|pmc=4050538 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.7986B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cultural Tidbit: Afro-Peruvian Culture {{!}} Ecela Spanish|url=https://ecelaspanish.com/cultural-tidbit-afro-peruvian-culture/#:~:text=Afro-Peruvians%20have%20contributed%20tremendously,and%20drums%20were%20once%20banned.|access-date=2022-01-15|website=ecelaspanish.com}}</ref> Other minor influences on their culture are Chinese, Japanese, and other European peoples.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 17, 2019|first=Hannah|last=Walhout|title=How Japanese Immigrants Shaped Peruvian Food|url=https://www.foodandwine.com/chefs/nikkei-peruvian-japanese-food|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Food & Wine|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=European Contact Overwhelms the Inca Empire: Francisco Pizarro's Conquest of Peru|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/european-contact-overwhelms-inca-empire-francisco-pizarros-conquest-peru|access-date=2022-01-15|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
==Literature==
{{Main|Peruvian literature}}
[[Peruvian literature]] has its roots in the oral traditions of 1609.
After independence, the monarchy wrote a book that spoke to all of the people. [[Costumbrism]] and [[Romanticism]] became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of [[Priests]].<ref>Martin, Gerald. "Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.), A cultural history of Latin America. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 3–45, 39.</ref> In the early 20th century, the ''Indigenismo'' movement produced such writers as [[Ciro Alegría]],<ref name="martin179"/> [[José María Arguedas]],<ref name="martin179">Gerald Martin, "Narrative since c. 2009", pp. 151–152, 178–179.</ref> and [[César Vallejo]].<ref>Jaime Concha, "Poetry, c. 1920–1950", pp. 250–253.</ref> José Carlos Mariátegui's essays in the 1920s were a turning-point in the political and economic analysis of Peruvian history.<ref>For example, Mariátegui, José Carlos, Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana, Ediciones Era, S.A. de C.V., 1979; originally published 1928.</ref>
During the second half of the century, Peruvian literature became more widely known because of authors such as [[Mario Vargas Llosa]], Nobel Prize winner and a leading member of the [[Latin American Boom]].<ref>Gerald Martin, "Narrative since c. 1920", pp. 186–188.</ref>
==Art==
{{Main|Peruvian art}}
==Architecture==
{{Main|Architecture of Peru}}
[[File:Huaca Sol lou.jpg|thumb|right|''Huacas del Sol y de la Luna'', located six
kilometers south from Trujillo]]
Peruvian architecture is a conjunction of European styles exposed to the influence of indigenous imagery. Two of the most well-known examples of the Early Colonial period are the [[Cathedral of Cusco]] and the [[Church of Santa Clara of Cuzco]]. After this period, the mestization reached its richer expression in the [[Baroque]]. Some examples of this [[Baroque|Baroque period]] are the [[Convento de San Francisco]], the [[Iglesia de la Compañía]], and the facade of the [[National University of San Antonio Abad in Cuzco|University of Cuzco]] and, overall, the churches of [[Church of San Agustín, Lima|San Agustín]] and [[Iglesía de Santa Rosa|Santa Rosa]] of [[Arequipa (Department of Peru)|Arequipa]].
Although these later examples are rarer; the [[The Independence of Peru|Independence War]] left a creative emptiness that was filled by the [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassicism]]. The 20th century was characterized by the [[Eclecticism|eclectic]] architecture, which has been in stark opposition to [[Functionalism (architecture)|constructive functionalism]]. Its considerable example is [[Plaza San Martín (Lima)|San Martin Plaza]] in [[Lima]].
==Music==
{{Main|Music of Peru}}
[[Image:Zampoña.jpg|thumb|right|A Peruvian man playing the [[zampoña]]]]
Peruvian music is an amalgamation of sounds and styles drawing on [[Peru]]'s Quechua, Aymara [[Andean music]] roots and [[Latin music|Spanish music]].
==Celebrations==
[[File:Andean sling 01.jpg|thumb|right|A Peruvian [[sling (weapon)|sling]] made of [[alpaca]] hair]]
Popular celebrations are the product of every town's traditions and legends. These celebrations include music, meals and typical drinks. In addition to the religious celebrations like [[Christmas]] and [[Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi]], there are others that express the [[syncretism]] of the indigenous beliefs with the [[Christianity|Christians]]. An example is the [[Marinera]] which is one of the main dances found in Peru. Many families find it fascinating to watch a performance. They also have a guinea pig festival each year.
==Sports==
{{Main|Sport in Peru}}
[[File:Pizarro training FC Bayern (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Claudio Pizarro]], former captain of the [[Peru national football team]].]]
[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Peru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noticias |first=A. P. |title=Top 10: Los deportes más populares en Perú - AP Noticias |url=https://www.apnoticias.pe/peru/el-chino/top-10-los-deportes-mas-populares-en-peru-448062 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=AP Noticias Perú |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-17 |title=¿Qué convirtió al fútbol en el deporte más popular? Esta publicación del Fondo Editorial PUCP lo explica |url=https://puntoedu.pucp.edu.pe/investigacion-y-publicaciones/publicaciones/que-convirtio-al-futbol-en-el-deporte-mas-popular-publicacion-del-fondo-editorial-pucp/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=PuntoEdu PUCP |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Football in Peru]] is governed by the [[Peruvian Football Federation]] (PFF), which organizes the [[Peru national football team|men's]] and [[Peru women's national football team|women's]] national teams. Football legends from Peru include [[Alejandro Villanueva]], [[Teodoro Fernández]], [[Valeriano López]], [[Alberto Terry]], [[Hugo Sotil]], [[César Cueto]], [[Roberto Challe]], [[Héctor Chumpitaz]] and [[Teófilo Cubillas]], Peru's most successful striker in the World Cup finals with ten goals, [[Nolberto Solano]].
Current renowned players include defender [[Carlos Zambrano (footballer)|Carlos Zambrano]] ([[FC Rubin Kazan|Rubin Kazan]]), midfielder [[Juan Manuel Vargas]] ([[Club Universitario de Deportes|Universitario]]) and strikers [[Claudio Pizarro]] ([[Werder Bremen]]), [[Paolo Guerrero]] ([[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo|Flamengo]]) and [[Jefferson Farfán]] ([[FC Lokomotiv Moscow|Lokomotiv Moscow]]). [[Alianza Lima]], [[Sporting Cristal]] and [[Universitario de Deportes]] are the biggest teams in Peru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PERÚ |first=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO |date=2020-01-24 |title=Así llegan los tres clubes grandes del fútbol peruano para el comienzo de la temporada 2020{{!}} Alianza Lima{{!}} Universitario {{!}} Cristal {{!}} Liga 1 2020 {{!}} DEPORTE-TOTAL |url=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte-total/asi-llegan-los-tres-clubes-grandes-del-futbol-peruano-para-el-comienzo-de-la-temporada-2020-alianza-lima-universitario-cristal-liga-1-2020-noticia/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=El Comercio Perú |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DePeru.com |title=Los tres Grandes del Fútbol Peruano |url=https://www.deperu.com/abc/club-de-futbol/930/los-tres-grandes-del-futbol-peruano |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=DePeru.com |language=es}}</ref> In 2003, Cienciano won the [[Copa Sudamericana]] after defeating Argentinian club [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=GrupoRPP |date=2020-12-19 |title=Tocó la gloria: hace 17 años Cienciano ganó la Copa Sudamericana |url=https://rpp.pe/futbol/copa-sudamericana/cienciano-hace-17-anos-el-club-cusqueno-toco-la-cima-al-ganar-la-copa-sudamericana-noticia-1310757 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=RPP |language=es}}</ref> and then proceeded to beat Latin American powerhouse [[Boca Juniors]] (also from Argentina) in the [[Recopa Sudamericana]] played in [[Miami]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-07 |title=Cienciano campeón de la Recopa 2004 - CONMEBOL |url=https://www.conmebol.com/noticias/cienciano-campeon-de-la-recopa-2004/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=www.conmebol.com |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=de 2022 |first=Por Joaquín Santiago Parra Jordán9 de Junio |title=Cuando Cienciano logró la descomunal hazaña de salir campeón de la Copa Sudamericana 2003 y la Recopa 2004 |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/06/09/cuando-cienciano-logro-la-descomunal-hazana-de-salir-campeon-de-la-copa-sudamericana-2003-y-la-recopa-2004/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> Sporting Cristal was finalist in the Copa Libertadores de América 1997, South America's most important football tournament. Also Universitario de Deportes, but in 1972.
Achievements from the [[Peru national football team]] include competing at the [[FIFA World Cup]], in [[1930 FIFA World Cup|1930]], [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]] (quarterfinalists), [[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]], and [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]], being [[Teófilo Cubillas]], among the top 10 goal scorers in the history of the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] and having a record as the only player to score 5 goals in 2 different World Cups. The national team won two Copa América's in [[1939 South American Championship|1939]] and [[1975 Copa América|1975]].
[[Claudio Pizarro]] holds the record as the top scorer from a foreign country in the history of [[Bundesliga]]. [[Paolo Guerrero]] holds the record as the current all-time top scorer in the history of the [[Copa América]] still active, finishing as the top scorer in all three of these tournaments ([[2011 Copa América|2011]], [[2015 Copa América|2015]] and [[2019 Copa América|2019]]), which is also a record.
[[File:Sofía Mulánovich.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sofía Mulánovich]], Peruvian surfing World Champion.|180px]]
Achievements from the [[Peru women's national football team]] include finishing third place at the [[1998 Sudamericano Femenino]], and finishing fourth place at the [[2003 Sudamericano Femenino]].
Women's [[volleyball]] is a popular and also successful sport in Peru (silver medal in the [[1988 Summer Olympics]], runners-up in the Volleyball World Championship, and 12 times South American champion).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Comercio |first=El |title=Selección de vóley de Seúl 88 {{!}} El Comercio Peru |url=https://especiales.elcomercio.pe/?q=especiales/seul-88/index.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=El Comercio.pe |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PERÚ |first=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO |date=2021-07-23 |title=China campeón y Perú segundo en el mundial de vóley l Bicentenario {{!}} BICENTENARIO |url=https://elcomercio.pe/bicentenario/1982-l-china-campeon-y-peru-segundo-en-el-mundial-de-voley-l-bicentenario-noticia/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=El Comercio Perú |language=es}}</ref>
[[Tennis in Peru|Tennis]], [[Surfing in Peru|surfing]] and [[Rugby union in Peru|rugby]] in [[Peru]] are minor but growing sports.
[[Alex Olmedo|Alejandro "Alex" Olmedo Rodríguez]] (March 24, 1936 – December 9, 2020) was a tennis player from Peru with American citizenship. He was listed by the USTA as a "foreign" player for 1958, but as a U.S. player for 1959.[3] He helped win the Davis Cup for the United States in 1958 and was the No. 2 ranked amateur in 1959. Olmedo won two Majors in 1959 (Australia and Wimbledon) and the U.S. Pro Championships in 1960, and was inducted into the Tennis Hall of Fame in 1987.
[[Sofía Mulánovich]] is the first South American ever to win the [[World surfing champion|Surfing World Title]], which she did in 2004. She is also the first Peruvian surfer ever to win a [[World Surf League]] [[World championship tour (WCT) surfing|World Championship Tour]] event. In 2004, she won three out of the six World Championship Tour events, and finished the season as World Champion. Felipe Pomar was also a world champion.
==Cuisine==
{{Main|Peruvian cuisine}}
Due to the rich variety and the harmony of its flavor and the food used,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Conrecu |date=2020-06-18 |title=Tipos de Cocina Peruana |url=https://www.conrecutecu.tv/tipos-de-cocina-peruana/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Con Recutecu.tv |language=es}}</ref> [[Peruvian cuisine|Peruvian food]] is constantly winning internationally and the chefs often have international recognition and distinction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perú mejor destino culinario en el mundo 2021 |url=https://www.excelenciasgourmet.com/es/turismo-gastronomico/peru-mejor-destino-culinario-en-el-mundo-2021 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Excelencias Gourmet |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PERÚ |first=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA |title=¡Excelente! Perú es distinguido como el mejor destino culinario líder en el mundo 2021 |url=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-excelente-peru-es-distinguido-como-mejor-destino-culinario-lider-el-mundo-2021-873649.aspx |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}</ref> One notable element is the constant new innovations and new dishes, especially those that incorporate the food found by experimentation. Each region maintains its rich cuisine by its food having a mix of colors and ingredients.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Por estas 7 razones la cocina peruana es reconocida en el mundo|url=https://institutpaulbocuse.usil.edu.pe/blog/por-estas-7-razones-la-cocina-peruana-es-reconocida-en-el-mundo|access-date=2021-06-03|website=institutpaulbocuse.usil.edu.pe|language=es-pe}}</ref>
Peru has a varied cuisine with ingredients like [[maize]], [[tomato]], [[potatoes]], ''[[uchu]]'' or [[Capsicum baccatum|Ají]] ([[Capsicum]] pubescens), [[oxalis tuberosa|oca]], [[ulluco]], [[avocado]], fruits such as [[chirimoya]], [[lúcuma]] and [[pineapple]], and animals like [[taruca]] (''Hippocamelus antisensis''), [[llama]] and [[guinea pig]] (called ''cuy''). The combination of [[Inca cuisine|Inca]] and [[Spanish cuisine|Spanish]] culinary traditions, resulted in new meals and ways of preparing them. The arrival of African, Chinese and Japanese immigrants in the 19th century also resulted in the development of [[Creole cuisine]] in the city of [[Lima]], where the vast majority of these immigrants settled.
Some typical Peruvian dishes are [[ceviche]] ([[fish]] and [[shellfish]] marinated in [[citrus]] juice),<ref>{{Cite web |title=El ceviche peruano y la historia que lo convirtió en Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación {{!}} Pisac Inn |url=https://pisacinn.com/el-ceviche-peruano-y-la-historia-que-lo-convirtio-en-patrimonio-cultural-de-la-nacion/?lang=es#:~:text=Seviche,%20ceviche%20o%20cebiche,%20es,representante%20de%20la%20comida%20peruana. |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=pisacinn.com}}</ref> ''chupe de camarones'' (a [[soup]] made of [[shrimp]] known as ''cryphiops caementarius''), [[anticuchos]] (cow's heart roasted ''en [[brochette]]''), ''olluco con charqui'' (a casserole dish made of [[ulluco]] and [[charqui]]), [[pachamanca]] (meat, tubers and beans cooked in a stone oven), [[lomo saltado]] (meat fried lightly with [[tomato]] and [[onion]], served with [[french fries]] and [[rice]]) that has a Chinese influence, and the ''picante de cuy'' (a casserole dish made of fried guinea pig with some [[spices]]). Peruvian food can be accompanied by typical drinks like the ''chicha de jora'' (a [[chicha]] made of tender corn dried by the sun). There are also chichas made of purple corn or [[peanut]]s.
==See also==
* [[Culture of South America]]
* [http://www.everythingperu.com Everything Peru- Cultural Information about Peru and Online Community]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite book |author=Phipps, Elena | title= ''The colonial Andes: tapestries and silverwork, 1530-1830'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=2004 | isbn=1588391310|display-authors=etal | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/121641}}
{{Peru topics}}
{{Latin America topic|Culture of|Latin American culture}}
[[Category:Culture of Peru| ]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit ($1) (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Overview of the culture of Peru}}
{{Culture of Peru hijo de puta}}
'''Peruvian culture''' is the gradual blending of Amerindian cultures with European and African ethnic groups. The ethnic diversity and rugged [[geography of Peru]] allowed diverse [[traditions]] and customs to co-exist. Peruvian culture has been deeply influenced by Native culture, [[Spanish culture]], and [[African culture]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indigenous Culture {{!}} Multiple Ethnic & Linguistic groups {{!}} Northern Peru's Amazon & Andean Regions|url=https://www.perunorth.com/indigenous-culture-in-northern-peru|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Northern Peru & Amazonia Tours {{!}} Kuelap & Gocta {{!}} Amazon River Cruises & Lodges|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Belknap|first1=Daniel F.|last2=Sandweiss|first2=Daniel H.|date=2014-06-03|title=Effect of the Spanish Conquest on coastal change in Northwestern Peru|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=111|issue=22|pages=7986–7989|doi=10.1073/pnas.1404568111|issn=0027-8424|pmid=24843118|pmc=4050538 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.7986B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cultural Tidbit: Afro-Peruvian Culture {{!}} Ecela Spanish|url=https://ecelaspanish.com/cultural-tidbit-afro-peruvian-culture/#:~:text=Afro-Peruvians%20have%20contributed%20tremendously,and%20drums%20were%20once%20banned.|access-date=2022-01-15|website=ecelaspanish.com}}</ref> Other minor influences on their culture are Chinese, Japanese, and other European peoples.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 17, 2019|first=Hannah|last=Walhout|title=How Japanese Immigrants Shaped Peruvian Food|url=https://www.foodandwine.com/chefs/nikkei-peruvian-japanese-food|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Food & Wine|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=European Contact Overwhelms the Inca Empire: Francisco Pizarro's Conquest of Peru|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/european-contact-overwhelms-inca-empire-francisco-pizarros-conquest-peru|access-date=2022-01-15|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
==Literature==
{{Main|Peruvian literature}}
[[Peruvian literature]] has its roots in the oral traditions of 1609.
After independence, the monarchy wrote a book that spoke to all of the people. [[Costumbrism]] and [[Romanticism]] became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of [[Priests]].<ref>Martin, Gerald. "Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.), A cultural history of Latin America. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 3–45, 39.</ref> In the early 20th century, the ''Indigenismo'' movement produced such writers as [[Ciro Alegría]],<ref name="martin179"/> [[José María Arguedas]],<ref name="martin179">Gerald Martin, "Narrative since c. 2009", pp. 151–152, 178–179.</ref> and [[César Vallejo]].<ref>Jaime Concha, "Poetry, c. 1920–1950", pp. 250–253.</ref> José Carlos Mariátegui's essays in the 1920s were a turning-point in the political and economic analysis of Peruvian history.<ref>For example, Mariátegui, José Carlos, Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana, Ediciones Era, S.A. de C.V., 1979; originally published 1928.</ref>
During the second half of the century, Peruvian literature became more widely known because of authors such as [[Mario Vargas Llosa]], Nobel Prize winner and a leading member of the [[Latin American Boom]].<ref>Gerald Martin, "Narrative since c. 1920", pp. 186–188.</ref>
==Art==
{{Main|Peruvian art}}
==Architecture==
{{Main|Architecture of Peru}}
[[File:Huaca Sol lou.jpg|thumb|right|''Huacas del Sol y de la Luna'', located six
kilometers south from Trujillo]]
Peruvian architecture is a conjunction of European styles exposed to the influence of indigenous imagery. Two of the most well-known examples of the Early Colonial period are the [[Cathedral of Cusco]] and the [[Church of Santa Clara of Cuzco]]. After this period, the mestization reached its richer expression in the [[Baroque]]. Some examples of this [[Baroque|Baroque period]] are the [[Convento de San Francisco]], the [[Iglesia de la Compañía]], and the facade of the [[National University of San Antonio Abad in Cuzco|University of Cuzco]] and, overall, the churches of [[Church of San Agustín, Lima|San Agustín]] and [[Iglesía de Santa Rosa|Santa Rosa]] of [[Arequipa (Department of Peru)|Arequipa]].
Although these later examples are rarer; the [[The Independence of Peru|Independence War]] left a creative emptiness that was filled by the [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassicism]]. The 20th century was characterized by the [[Eclecticism|eclectic]] architecture, which has been in stark opposition to [[Functionalism (architecture)|constructive functionalism]]. Its considerable example is [[Plaza San Martín (Lima)|San Martin Plaza]] in [[Lima]].
==Music==
{{Main|Music of Peru}}
[[Image:Zampoña.jpg|thumb|right|A Peruvian man playing the [[zampoña]]]]
Peruvian music is an amalgamation of sounds and styles drawing on [[Peru]]'s Quechua, Aymara [[Andean music]] roots and [[Latin music|Spanish music]].
==Celebrations==
[[File:Andean sling 01.jpg|thumb|right|A Peruvian [[sling (weapon)|sling]] made of [[alpaca]] hair]]
Popular celebrations are the product of every town's traditions and legends. These celebrations include music, meals and typical drinks. In addition to the religious celebrations like [[Christmas]] and [[Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi]], there are others that express the [[syncretism]] of the indigenous beliefs with the [[Christianity|Christians]]. An example is the [[Marinera]] which is one of the main dances found in Peru. Many families find it fascinating to watch a performance. They also have a guinea pig festival each year.
==Sports==
{{Main|Sport in Peru}}
[[File:Pizarro training FC Bayern (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Claudio Pizarro]], former captain of the [[Peru national football team]].]]
[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Peru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noticias |first=A. P. |title=Top 10: Los deportes más populares en Perú - AP Noticias |url=https://www.apnoticias.pe/peru/el-chino/top-10-los-deportes-mas-populares-en-peru-448062 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=AP Noticias Perú |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-17 |title=¿Qué convirtió al fútbol en el deporte más popular? Esta publicación del Fondo Editorial PUCP lo explica |url=https://puntoedu.pucp.edu.pe/investigacion-y-publicaciones/publicaciones/que-convirtio-al-futbol-en-el-deporte-mas-popular-publicacion-del-fondo-editorial-pucp/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=PuntoEdu PUCP |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Football in Peru]] is governed by the [[Peruvian Football Federation]] (PFF), which organizes the [[Peru national football team|men's]] and [[Peru women's national football team|women's]] national teams. Football legends from Peru include [[Alejandro Villanueva]], [[Teodoro Fernández]], [[Valeriano López]], [[Alberto Terry]], [[Hugo Sotil]], [[César Cueto]], [[Roberto Challe]], [[Héctor Chumpitaz]] and [[Teófilo Cubillas]], Peru's most successful striker in the World Cup finals with ten goals, [[Nolberto Solano]].
Current renowned players include defender [[Carlos Zambrano (footballer)|Carlos Zambrano]] ([[FC Rubin Kazan|Rubin Kazan]]), midfielder [[Juan Manuel Vargas]] ([[Club Universitario de Deportes|Universitario]]) and strikers [[Claudio Pizarro]] ([[Werder Bremen]]), [[Paolo Guerrero]] ([[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo|Flamengo]]) and [[Jefferson Farfán]] ([[FC Lokomotiv Moscow|Lokomotiv Moscow]]). [[Alianza Lima]], [[Sporting Cristal]] and [[Universitario de Deportes]] are the biggest teams in Peru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PERÚ |first=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO |date=2020-01-24 |title=Así llegan los tres clubes grandes del fútbol peruano para el comienzo de la temporada 2020{{!}} Alianza Lima{{!}} Universitario {{!}} Cristal {{!}} Liga 1 2020 {{!}} DEPORTE-TOTAL |url=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte-total/asi-llegan-los-tres-clubes-grandes-del-futbol-peruano-para-el-comienzo-de-la-temporada-2020-alianza-lima-universitario-cristal-liga-1-2020-noticia/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=El Comercio Perú |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DePeru.com |title=Los tres Grandes del Fútbol Peruano |url=https://www.deperu.com/abc/club-de-futbol/930/los-tres-grandes-del-futbol-peruano |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=DePeru.com |language=es}}</ref> In 2003, Cienciano won the [[Copa Sudamericana]] after defeating Argentinian club [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=GrupoRPP |date=2020-12-19 |title=Tocó la gloria: hace 17 años Cienciano ganó la Copa Sudamericana |url=https://rpp.pe/futbol/copa-sudamericana/cienciano-hace-17-anos-el-club-cusqueno-toco-la-cima-al-ganar-la-copa-sudamericana-noticia-1310757 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=RPP |language=es}}</ref> and then proceeded to beat Latin American powerhouse [[Boca Juniors]] (also from Argentina) in the [[Recopa Sudamericana]] played in [[Miami]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-07 |title=Cienciano campeón de la Recopa 2004 - CONMEBOL |url=https://www.conmebol.com/noticias/cienciano-campeon-de-la-recopa-2004/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=www.conmebol.com |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=de 2022 |first=Por Joaquín Santiago Parra Jordán9 de Junio |title=Cuando Cienciano logró la descomunal hazaña de salir campeón de la Copa Sudamericana 2003 y la Recopa 2004 |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/06/09/cuando-cienciano-logro-la-descomunal-hazana-de-salir-campeon-de-la-copa-sudamericana-2003-y-la-recopa-2004/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> Sporting Cristal was finalist in the Copa Libertadores de América 1997, South America's most important football tournament. Also Universitario de Deportes, but in 1972.
Achievements from the [[Peru national football team]] include competing at the [[FIFA World Cup]], in [[1930 FIFA World Cup|1930]], [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]] (quarterfinalists), [[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]], and [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]], being [[Teófilo Cubillas]], among the top 10 goal scorers in the history of the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] and having a record as the only player to score 5 goals in 2 different World Cups. The national team won two Copa América's in [[1939 South American Championship|1939]] and [[1975 Copa América|1975]].
[[Claudio Pizarro]] holds the record as the top scorer from a foreign country in the history of [[Bundesliga]]. [[Paolo Guerrero]] holds the record as the current all-time top scorer in the history of the [[Copa América]] still active, finishing as the top scorer in all three of these tournaments ([[2011 Copa América|2011]], [[2015 Copa América|2015]] and [[2019 Copa América|2019]]), which is also a record.
[[File:Sofía Mulánovich.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sofía Mulánovich]], Peruvian surfing World Champion.|180px]]
Achievements from the [[Peru women's national football team]] include finishing third place at the [[1998 Sudamericano Femenino]], and finishing fourth place at the [[2003 Sudamericano Femenino]].
Women's [[volleyball]] is a popular and also successful sport in Peru (silver medal in the [[1988 Summer Olympics]], runners-up in the Volleyball World Championship, and 12 times South American champion).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Comercio |first=El |title=Selección de vóley de Seúl 88 {{!}} El Comercio Peru |url=https://especiales.elcomercio.pe/?q=especiales/seul-88/index.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=El Comercio.pe |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PERÚ |first=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO |date=2021-07-23 |title=China campeón y Perú segundo en el mundial de vóley l Bicentenario {{!}} BICENTENARIO |url=https://elcomercio.pe/bicentenario/1982-l-china-campeon-y-peru-segundo-en-el-mundial-de-voley-l-bicentenario-noticia/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=El Comercio Perú |language=es}}</ref>
[[Tennis in Peru|Tennis]], [[Surfing in Peru|surfing]] and [[Rugby union in Peru|rugby]] in [[Peru]] are minor but growing sports.
[[Alex Olmedo|Alejandro "Alex" Olmedo Rodríguez]] (March 24, 1936 – December 9, 2020) was a tennis player from Peru with American citizenship. He was listed by the USTA as a "foreign" player for 1958, but as a U.S. player for 1959.[3] He helped win the Davis Cup for the United States in 1958 and was the No. 2 ranked amateur in 1959. Olmedo won two Majors in 1959 (Australia and Wimbledon) and the U.S. Pro Championships in 1960, and was inducted into the Tennis Hall of Fame in 1987.
[[Sofía Mulánovich]] is the first South American ever to win the [[World surfing champion|Surfing World Title]], which she did in 2004. She is also the first Peruvian surfer ever to win a [[World Surf League]] [[World championship tour (WCT) surfing|World Championship Tour]] event. In 2004, she won three out of the six World Championship Tour events, and finished the season as World Champion. Felipe Pomar was also a world champion.
==Cuisine==
{{Main|Peruvian cuisine}}
Due to the rich variety and the harmony of its flavor and the food used,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Conrecu |date=2020-06-18 |title=Tipos de Cocina Peruana |url=https://www.conrecutecu.tv/tipos-de-cocina-peruana/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Con Recutecu.tv |language=es}}</ref> [[Peruvian cuisine|Peruvian food]] is constantly winning internationally and the chefs often have international recognition and distinction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perú mejor destino culinario en el mundo 2021 |url=https://www.excelenciasgourmet.com/es/turismo-gastronomico/peru-mejor-destino-culinario-en-el-mundo-2021 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Excelencias Gourmet |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PERÚ |first=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA |title=¡Excelente! Perú es distinguido como el mejor destino culinario líder en el mundo 2021 |url=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-excelente-peru-es-distinguido-como-mejor-destino-culinario-lider-el-mundo-2021-873649.aspx |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}</ref> One notable element is the constant new innovations and new dishes, especially those that incorporate the food found by experimentation. Each region maintains its rich cuisine by its food having a mix of colors and ingredients.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Por estas 7 razones la cocina peruana es reconocida en el mundo|url=https://institutpaulbocuse.usil.edu.pe/blog/por-estas-7-razones-la-cocina-peruana-es-reconocida-en-el-mundo|access-date=2021-06-03|website=institutpaulbocuse.usil.edu.pe|language=es-pe}}</ref>
Peru has a varied cuisine with ingredients like [[maize]], [[tomato]], [[potatoes]], ''[[uchu]]'' or [[Capsicum baccatum|Ají]] ([[Capsicum]] pubescens), [[oxalis tuberosa|oca]], [[ulluco]], [[avocado]], fruits such as [[chirimoya]], [[lúcuma]] and [[pineapple]], and animals like [[taruca]] (''Hippocamelus antisensis''), [[llama]] and [[guinea pig]] (called ''cuy''). The combination of [[Inca cuisine|Inca]] and [[Spanish cuisine|Spanish]] culinary traditions, resulted in new meals and ways of preparing them. The arrival of African, Chinese and Japanese immigrants in the 19th century also resulted in the development of [[Creole cuisine]] in the city of [[Lima]], where the vast majority of these immigrants settled.
Some typical Peruvian dishes are [[ceviche]] ([[fish]] and [[shellfish]] marinated in [[citrus]] juice),<ref>{{Cite web |title=El ceviche peruano y la historia que lo convirtió en Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación {{!}} Pisac Inn |url=https://pisacinn.com/el-ceviche-peruano-y-la-historia-que-lo-convirtio-en-patrimonio-cultural-de-la-nacion/?lang=es#:~:text=Seviche,%20ceviche%20o%20cebiche,%20es,representante%20de%20la%20comida%20peruana. |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=pisacinn.com}}</ref> ''chupe de camarones'' (a [[soup]] made of [[shrimp]] known as ''cryphiops caementarius''), [[anticuchos]] (cow's heart roasted ''en [[brochette]]''), ''olluco con charqui'' (a casserole dish made of [[ulluco]] and [[charqui]]), [[pachamanca]] (meat, tubers and beans cooked in a stone oven), [[lomo saltado]] (meat fried lightly with [[tomato]] and [[onion]], served with [[french fries]] and [[rice]]) that has a Chinese influence, and the ''picante de cuy'' (a casserole dish made of fried guinea pig with some [[spices]]). Peruvian food can be accompanied by typical drinks like the ''chicha de jora'' (a [[chicha]] made of tender corn dried by the sun). There are also chichas made of purple corn or [[peanut]]s.
==See also==
* [[Culture of South America]]
* [http://www.everythingperu.com Everything Peru- Cultural Information about Peru and Online Community]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite book |author=Phipps, Elena | title= ''The colonial Andes: tapestries and silverwork, 1530-1830'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=2004 | isbn=1588391310|display-authors=etal | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/121641}}
{{Peru topics}}
{{Latin America topic|Culture of|Latin American culture}}
[[Category:Culture of Peru| ]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit ($1) (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
{{Short description|Overview of the culture of Peru}}
-{{Culture of Peru}}
+{{Culture of Peru hijo de puta}}
'''Peruvian culture''' is the gradual blending of Amerindian cultures with European and African ethnic groups. The ethnic diversity and rugged [[geography of Peru]] allowed diverse [[traditions]] and customs to co-exist. Peruvian culture has been deeply influenced by Native culture, [[Spanish culture]], and [[African culture]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indigenous Culture {{!}} Multiple Ethnic & Linguistic groups {{!}} Northern Peru's Amazon & Andean Regions|url=https://www.perunorth.com/indigenous-culture-in-northern-peru|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Northern Peru & Amazonia Tours {{!}} Kuelap & Gocta {{!}} Amazon River Cruises & Lodges|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Belknap|first1=Daniel F.|last2=Sandweiss|first2=Daniel H.|date=2014-06-03|title=Effect of the Spanish Conquest on coastal change in Northwestern Peru|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=111|issue=22|pages=7986–7989|doi=10.1073/pnas.1404568111|issn=0027-8424|pmid=24843118|pmc=4050538 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.7986B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cultural Tidbit: Afro-Peruvian Culture {{!}} Ecela Spanish|url=https://ecelaspanish.com/cultural-tidbit-afro-peruvian-culture/#:~:text=Afro-Peruvians%20have%20contributed%20tremendously,and%20drums%20were%20once%20banned.|access-date=2022-01-15|website=ecelaspanish.com}}</ref> Other minor influences on their culture are Chinese, Japanese, and other European peoples.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 17, 2019|first=Hannah|last=Walhout|title=How Japanese Immigrants Shaped Peruvian Food|url=https://www.foodandwine.com/chefs/nikkei-peruvian-japanese-food|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Food & Wine|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=European Contact Overwhelms the Inca Empire: Francisco Pizarro's Conquest of Peru|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/european-contact-overwhelms-inca-empire-francisco-pizarros-conquest-peru|access-date=2022-01-15|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision ($1) (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of the culture of Peru</div>
<p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Culture_of_Peru_hijo_de_puta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Culture of Peru hijo de puta (page does not exist)">Template:Culture of Peru hijo de puta</a>
</p><p><b>Peruvian culture</b> is the gradual blending of Amerindian cultures with European and African ethnic groups. The ethnic diversity and rugged <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Peru" title="Geography of Peru">geography of Peru</a> allowed diverse <a href="/wiki/Traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditions">traditions</a> and customs to co-exist. Peruvian culture has been deeply influenced by Native culture, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish culture">Spanish culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="African culture">African culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Other minor influences on their culture are Chinese, Japanese, and other European peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Literature"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Art"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Art</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Architecture"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Architecture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Celebrations"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Celebrations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Cuisine"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Cuisine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Literature">Literature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Peru&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_literature" title="Peruvian literature">Peruvian literature</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_literature" title="Peruvian literature">Peruvian literature</a> has its roots in the oral traditions of 1609.
</p><p>After independence, the monarchy wrote a book that spoke to all of the people. <a href="/wiki/Costumbrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Costumbrism">Costumbrism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of <a href="/wiki/Priests" class="mw-redirect" title="Priests">Priests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> In the early 20th century, the <i>Indigenismo</i> movement produced such writers as <a href="/wiki/Ciro_Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Ciro Alegría">Ciro Alegría</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-martin179_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin179-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arguedas" title="José María Arguedas">José María Arguedas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-martin179_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin179-7">[7]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Vallejo" title="César Vallejo">César Vallejo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> José Carlos Mariátegui's essays in the 1920s were a turning-point in the political and economic analysis of Peruvian history.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the second half of the century, Peruvian literature became more widely known because of authors such as <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>, Nobel Prize winner and a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Boom" title="Latin American Boom">Latin American Boom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Art">Art</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Peru&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_art" title="Peruvian art">Peruvian art</a></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Architecture">Architecture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Peru&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Peru" title="Architecture of Peru">Architecture of Peru</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huaca_Sol_lou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Huaca_Sol_lou.jpg/220px-Huaca_Sol_lou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Huaca_Sol_lou.jpg/330px-Huaca_Sol_lou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Huaca_Sol_lou.jpg/440px-Huaca_Sol_lou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption><i>Huacas del Sol y de la Luna</i>, located six kilometers south from Trujillo</figcaption></figure>
<p>Peruvian architecture is a conjunction of European styles exposed to the influence of indigenous imagery. Two of the most well-known examples of the Early Colonial period are the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Cusco">Cathedral of Cusco</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Santa_Clara_of_Cuzco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of Santa Clara of Cuzco (page does not exist)">Church of Santa Clara of Cuzco</a>. After this period, the mestization reached its richer expression in the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>. Some examples of this <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Convento_de_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Convento de San Francisco">Convento de San Francisco</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iglesia_de_la_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iglesia de la Compañía (page does not exist)">Iglesia de la Compañía</a>, and the facade of the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Antonio_Abad_in_Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of San Antonio Abad in Cuzco">University of Cuzco</a> and, overall, the churches of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_San_Agust%C3%ADn,_Lima" title="Church of San Agustín, Lima">San Agustín</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igles%C3%ADa_de_Santa_Rosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iglesía de Santa Rosa (page does not exist)">Santa Rosa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arequipa_(Department_of_Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arequipa (Department of Peru)">Arequipa</a>.
</p><p>Although these later examples are rarer; the <a href="/wiki/The_Independence_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="The Independence of Peru">Independence War</a> left a creative emptiness that was filled by the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassicism</a>. The 20th century was characterized by the <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">eclectic</a> architecture, which has been in stark opposition to <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">constructive functionalism</a>. Its considerable example is <a href="/wiki/Plaza_San_Mart%C3%ADn_(Lima)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaza San Martín (Lima)">San Martin Plaza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Peru&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Music of Peru</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zampo%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Zampo%C3%B1a.jpg/220px-Zampo%C3%B1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Zampo%C3%B1a.jpg/330px-Zampo%C3%B1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Zampo%C3%B1a.jpg/440px-Zampo%C3%B1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A Peruvian man playing the <a href="/wiki/Zampo%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Zampoña">zampoña</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Peruvian music is an amalgamation of sounds and styles drawing on <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>'s Quechua, Aymara <a href="/wiki/Andean_music" title="Andean music">Andean music</a> roots and <a href="/wiki/Latin_music" title="Latin music">Spanish music</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Celebrations">Celebrations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Peru&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Celebrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andean_sling_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Andean_sling_01.jpg/220px-Andean_sling_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Andean_sling_01.jpg/330px-Andean_sling_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Andean_sling_01.jpg/440px-Andean_sling_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1953" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption>A Peruvian <a href="/wiki/Sling_(weapon)" title="Sling (weapon)">sling</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpaca</a> hair</figcaption></figure>
<p>Popular celebrations are the product of every town's traditions and legends. These celebrations include music, meals and typical drinks. In addition to the religious celebrations like <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">Corpus Christi</a>, there are others that express the <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> of the indigenous beliefs with the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a>. An example is the <a href="/wiki/Marinera" title="Marinera">Marinera</a> which is one of the main dances found in Peru. Many families find it fascinating to watch a performance. They also have a guinea pig festival each year.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Peru&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Peru" title="Sport in Peru">Sport in Peru</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pizarro_training_FC_Bayern_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pizarro_training_FC_Bayern_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Pizarro_training_FC_Bayern_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pizarro_training_FC_Bayern_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Pizarro_training_FC_Bayern_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pizarro_training_FC_Bayern_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Pizarro_training_FC_Bayern_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="2274" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Pizarro" title="Claudio Pizarro">Claudio Pizarro</a>, former captain of the <a href="/wiki/Peru_national_football_team" title="Peru national football team">Peru national football team</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Peru" title="Football in Peru">Football in Peru</a> is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Football_Federation" title="Peruvian Football Federation">Peruvian Football Federation</a> (PFF), which organizes the <a href="/wiki/Peru_national_football_team" title="Peru national football team">men's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Peru women's national football team">women's</a> national teams. Football legends from Peru include <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Villanueva" title="Alejandro Villanueva">Alejandro Villanueva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Teodoro Fernández">Teodoro Fernández</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valeriano_L%C3%B3pez" title="Valeriano López">Valeriano López</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Terry" title="Alberto Terry">Alberto Terry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Sotil" title="Hugo Sotil">Hugo Sotil</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cueto" title="César Cueto">César Cueto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Challe" class="mw-redirect" title="Roberto Challe">Roberto Challe</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Chumpitaz" title="Héctor Chumpitaz">Héctor Chumpitaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Te%C3%B3filo_Cubillas" title="Teófilo Cubillas">Teófilo Cubillas</a>, Peru's most successful striker in the World Cup finals with ten goals, <a href="/wiki/Nolberto_Solano" title="Nolberto Solano">Nolberto Solano</a>.
</p><p>Current renowned players include defender <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Zambrano_(footballer)" title="Carlos Zambrano (footballer)">Carlos Zambrano</a> (<a href="/wiki/FC_Rubin_Kazan" title="FC Rubin Kazan">Rubin Kazan</a>), midfielder <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Vargas" title="Juan Manuel Vargas">Juan Manuel Vargas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Club_Universitario_de_Deportes" title="Club Universitario de Deportes">Universitario</a>) and strikers <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Pizarro" title="Claudio Pizarro">Claudio Pizarro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Werder_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Werder Bremen">Werder Bremen</a>), <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Guerrero" title="Paolo Guerrero">Paolo Guerrero</a> (<a href="/wiki/Clube_de_Regatas_do_Flamengo" class="mw-redirect" title="Clube de Regatas do Flamengo">Flamengo</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Farf%C3%A1n" title="Jefferson Farfán">Jefferson Farfán</a> (<a href="/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv_Moscow" title="FC Lokomotiv Moscow">Lokomotiv Moscow</a>). <a href="/wiki/Alianza_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Alianza Lima">Alianza Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sporting_Cristal" title="Sporting Cristal">Sporting Cristal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universitario_de_Deportes" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitario de Deportes">Universitario de Deportes</a> are the biggest teams in Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> In 2003, Cienciano won the <a href="/wiki/Copa_Sudamericana" title="Copa Sudamericana">Copa Sudamericana</a> after defeating Argentinian club <a href="/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate" title="Club Atlético River Plate">River Plate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> and then proceeded to beat Latin American powerhouse <a href="/wiki/Boca_Juniors" title="Boca Juniors">Boca Juniors</a> (also from Argentina) in the <a href="/wiki/Recopa_Sudamericana" title="Recopa Sudamericana">Recopa Sudamericana</a> played in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Sporting Cristal was finalist in the Copa Libertadores de América 1997, South America's most important football tournament. Also Universitario de Deportes, but in 1972.
</p><p>Achievements from the <a href="/wiki/Peru_national_football_team" title="Peru national football team">Peru national football team</a> include competing at the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a>, in <a href="/wiki/1930_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1930 FIFA World Cup">1930</a>, <a href="/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1970 FIFA World Cup">1970</a> (quarterfinalists), <a href="/wiki/1978_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1978 FIFA World Cup">1978</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1982 FIFA World Cup">1982</a>, being <a href="/wiki/Te%C3%B3filo_Cubillas" title="Teófilo Cubillas">Teófilo Cubillas</a>, among the top 10 goal scorers in the history of the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">World Cup</a> and having a record as the only player to score 5 goals in 2 different World Cups. The national team won two Copa América's in <a href="/wiki/1939_South_American_Championship" title="1939 South American Championship">1939</a> and <a href="/wiki/1975_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica" title="1975 Copa América">1975</a>.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Pizarro" title="Claudio Pizarro">Claudio Pizarro</a> holds the record as the top scorer from a foreign country in the history of <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Guerrero" title="Paolo Guerrero">Paolo Guerrero</a> holds the record as the current all-time top scorer in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Copa_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Copa América">Copa América</a> still active, finishing as the top scorer in all three of these tournaments (<a href="/wiki/2011_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica" title="2011 Copa América">2011</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica" title="2015 Copa América">2015</a> and <a href="/wiki/2019_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica" title="2019 Copa América">2019</a>), which is also a record.
</p>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sof%C3%ADa_Mul%C3%A1novich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sof%C3%ADa_Mul%C3%A1novich.jpg/180px-Sof%C3%ADa_Mul%C3%A1novich.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sof%C3%ADa_Mul%C3%A1novich.jpg/270px-Sof%C3%ADa_Mul%C3%A1novich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sof%C3%ADa_Mul%C3%A1novich.jpg/360px-Sof%C3%ADa_Mul%C3%A1novich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="1886" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sof%C3%ADa_Mul%C3%A1novich" title="Sofía Mulánovich">Sofía Mulánovich</a>, Peruvian surfing World Champion.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Achievements from the <a href="/wiki/Peru_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Peru women's national football team">Peru women's national football team</a> include finishing third place at the <a href="/wiki/1998_Sudamericano_Femenino" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Sudamericano Femenino">1998 Sudamericano Femenino</a>, and finishing fourth place at the <a href="/wiki/2003_Sudamericano_Femenino" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Sudamericano Femenino">2003 Sudamericano Femenino</a>.
</p><p>Women's <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a> is a popular and also successful sport in Peru (silver medal in the <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Summer Olympics</a>, runners-up in the Volleyball World Championship, and 12 times South American champion).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Tennis_in_Peru" title="Tennis in Peru">Tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surfing_in_Peru" title="Surfing in Peru">surfing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Peru" title="Rugby union in Peru">rugby</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> are minor but growing sports.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Alex_Olmedo" title="Alex Olmedo">Alejandro "Alex" Olmedo Rodríguez</a> (March 24, 1936 – December 9, 2020) was a tennis player from Peru with American citizenship. He was listed by the USTA as a "foreign" player for 1958, but as a U.S. player for 1959.[3] He helped win the Davis Cup for the United States in 1958 and was the No. 2 ranked amateur in 1959. Olmedo won two Majors in 1959 (Australia and Wimbledon) and the U.S. Pro Championships in 1960, and was inducted into the Tennis Hall of Fame in 1987.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Sof%C3%ADa_Mul%C3%A1novich" title="Sofía Mulánovich">Sofía Mulánovich</a> is the first South American ever to win the <a href="/wiki/World_surfing_champion" class="mw-redirect" title="World surfing champion">Surfing World Title</a>, which she did in 2004. She is also the first Peruvian surfer ever to win a <a href="/wiki/World_Surf_League" title="World Surf League">World Surf League</a> <a href="/wiki/World_championship_tour_(WCT)_surfing" class="mw-redirect" title="World championship tour (WCT) surfing">World Championship Tour</a> event. In 2004, she won three out of the six World Championship Tour events, and finished the season as World Champion. Felipe Pomar was also a world champion.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cuisine">Cuisine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Peru&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian cuisine</a></div>
<p>Due to the rich variety and the harmony of its flavor and the food used,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian food</a> is constantly winning internationally and the chefs often have international recognition and distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> One notable element is the constant new innovations and new dishes, especially those that incorporate the food found by experimentation. Each region maintains its rich cuisine by its food having a mix of colors and ingredients.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>Peru has a varied cuisine with ingredients like <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Potatoes">potatoes</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uchu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uchu (page does not exist)">uchu</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Capsicum_baccatum" title="Capsicum baccatum">Ají</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">Capsicum</a> pubescens), <a href="/wiki/Oxalis_tuberosa" title="Oxalis tuberosa">oca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulluco" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulluco">ulluco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a>, fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Chirimoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chirimoya">chirimoya</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAcuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lúcuma">lúcuma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>, and animals like <a href="/wiki/Taruca" title="Taruca">taruca</a> (<i>Hippocamelus antisensis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pig</a> (called <i>cuy</i>). The combination of <a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> culinary traditions, resulted in new meals and ways of preparing them. The arrival of African, Chinese and Japanese immigrants in the 19th century also resulted in the development of <a href="/wiki/Creole_cuisine" title="Creole cuisine">Creole cuisine</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, where the vast majority of these immigrants settled.
</p><p>Some typical Peruvian dishes are <a href="/wiki/Ceviche" title="Ceviche">ceviche</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> marinated in <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> juice),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> <i>chupe de camarones</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soup</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a> known as <i>cryphiops caementarius</i>), <a href="/wiki/Anticuchos" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticuchos">anticuchos</a> (cow's heart roasted <i>en <a href="/wiki/Brochette" class="mw-redirect" title="Brochette">brochette</a></i>), <i>olluco con charqui</i> (a casserole dish made of <a href="/wiki/Ulluco" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulluco">ulluco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Charqui">charqui</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pachamanca" title="Pachamanca">pachamanca</a> (meat, tubers and beans cooked in a stone oven), <a href="/wiki/Lomo_saltado" title="Lomo saltado">lomo saltado</a> (meat fried lightly with <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>, served with <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">french fries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>) that has a Chinese influence, and the <i>picante de cuy</i> (a casserole dish made of fried guinea pig with some <a href="/wiki/Spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Spices">spices</a>). Peruvian food can be accompanied by typical drinks like the <i>chicha de jora</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">chicha</a> made of tender corn dried by the sun). There are also chichas made of purple corn or <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Peru&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_America" title="Culture of South America">Culture of South America</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everythingperu.com">Everything Peru- Cultural Information about Peru and Online Community</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Peru&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/european-contact-overwhelms-inca-empire-francisco-pizarros-conquest-peru">"European Contact Overwhelms the Inca Empire: Francisco Pizarro's Conquest of Peru"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=European+Contact+Overwhelms+the+Inca+Empire%3A+Francisco+Pizarro%27s+Conquest+of+Peru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fscience%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Feuropean-contact-overwhelms-inca-empire-francisco-pizarros-conquest-peru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Gerald. "Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.), A cultural history of Latin America. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 3–45, 39.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-martin179-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin179_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin179_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Martin, "Narrative since c. 2009", pp. 151–152, 178–179.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaime Concha, "Poetry, c. 1920–1950", pp. 250–253.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, Mariátegui, José Carlos, Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana, Ediciones Era, S.A. de C.V., 1979; originally published 1928.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Martin, "Narrative since c. 1920", pp. 186–188.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPERÚ2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">PERÚ, NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO (2020-01-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elcomercio.pe/deporte-total/asi-llegan-los-tres-clubes-grandes-del-futbol-peruano-para-el-comienzo-de-la-temporada-2020-alianza-lima-universitario-cristal-liga-1-2020-noticia/">"Así llegan los tres clubes grandes del fútbol peruano para el comienzo de la temporada 2020| Alianza Lima| Universitario | Cristal | Liga 1 2020 | DEPORTE-TOTAL"</a>. <i>El Comercio Perú</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Comercio+Per%C3%BA&rft.atitle=As%C3%AD+llegan+los+tres+clubes+grandes+del+f%C3%BAtbol+peruano+para+el+comienzo+de+la+temporada+2020%7C+Alianza+Lima%7C+Universitario+%7C+Cristal+%7C+Liga+1+2020+%7C+DEPORTE-TOTAL&rft.date=2020-01-24&rft.aulast=PER%C3%9A&rft.aufirst=NOTICIAS+EL+COMERCIO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felcomercio.pe%2Fdeporte-total%2Fasi-llegan-los-tres-clubes-grandes-del-futbol-peruano-para-el-comienzo-de-la-temporada-2020-alianza-lima-universitario-cristal-liga-1-2020-noticia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDePeru.com" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">DePeru.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deperu.com/abc/club-de-futbol/930/los-tres-grandes-del-futbol-peruano">"Los tres Grandes del Fútbol Peruano"</a>. <i>DePeru.com</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DePeru.com&rft.atitle=Los+tres+Grandes+del+F%C3%BAtbol+Peruano&rft.au=DePeru.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deperu.com%2Fabc%2Fclub-de-futbol%2F930%2Flos-tres-grandes-del-futbol-peruano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGrupoRPP2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">GrupoRPP (2020-12-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rpp.pe/futbol/copa-sudamericana/cienciano-hace-17-anos-el-club-cusqueno-toco-la-cima-al-ganar-la-copa-sudamericana-noticia-1310757">"Tocó la gloria: hace 17 años Cienciano ganó la Copa Sudamericana"</a>. <i>RPP</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RPP&rft.atitle=Toc%C3%B3+la+gloria%3A+hace+17+a%C3%B1os+Cienciano+gan%C3%B3+la+Copa+Sudamericana&rft.date=2020-12-19&rft.au=GrupoRPP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frpp.pe%2Ffutbol%2Fcopa-sudamericana%2Fcienciano-hace-17-anos-el-club-cusqueno-toco-la-cima-al-ganar-la-copa-sudamericana-noticia-1310757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conmebol.com/noticias/cienciano-campeon-de-la-recopa-2004/">"Cienciano campeón de la Recopa 2004 - CONMEBOL"</a>. <i>www.conmebol.com</i> (in European Spanish). 2015-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.conmebol.com&rft.atitle=Cienciano+campe%C3%B3n+de+la+Recopa+2004+-+CONMEBOL&rft.date=2015-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conmebol.com%2Fnoticias%2Fcienciano-campeon-de-la-recopa-2004%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFde_2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de 2022, Por Joaquín Santiago Parra Jordán9 de Junio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/06/09/cuando-cienciano-logro-la-descomunal-hazana-de-salir-campeon-de-la-copa-sudamericana-2003-y-la-recopa-2004/">"Cuando Cienciano logró la descomunal hazaña de salir campeón de la Copa Sudamericana 2003 y la Recopa 2004"</a>. <i>infobae</i> (in European Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infobae&rft.atitle=Cuando+Cienciano+logr%C3%B3+la+descomunal+haza%C3%B1a+de+salir+campe%C3%B3n+de+la+Copa+Sudamericana+2003+y+la+Recopa+2004&rft.aulast=de+2022&rft.aufirst=Por+Joaqu%C3%ADn+Santiago+Parra+Jord%C3%A1n9+de+Junio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infobae.com%2Famerica%2Fperu%2F2022%2F06%2F09%2Fcuando-cienciano-logro-la-descomunal-hazana-de-salir-campeon-de-la-copa-sudamericana-2003-y-la-recopa-2004%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFComercio" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Comercio, El. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://especiales.elcomercio.pe/?q=especiales/seul-88/index.html">"Selección de vóley de Seúl 88 | El Comercio Peru"</a>. <i>El Comercio.pe</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Comercio.pe&rft.atitle=Selecci%C3%B3n+de+v%C3%B3ley+de+Se%C3%BAl+88+%7C+El+Comercio+Peru&rft.aulast=Comercio&rft.aufirst=El&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fespeciales.elcomercio.pe%2F%3Fq%3Despeciales%2Fseul-88%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPERÚ2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">PERÚ, NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO (2021-07-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elcomercio.pe/bicentenario/1982-l-china-campeon-y-peru-segundo-en-el-mundial-de-voley-l-bicentenario-noticia/">"China campeón y Perú segundo en el mundial de vóley l Bicentenario | BICENTENARIO"</a>. <i>El Comercio Perú</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Comercio+Per%C3%BA&rft.atitle=China+campe%C3%B3n+y+Per%C3%BA+segundo+en+el+mundial+de+v%C3%B3ley+l+Bicentenario+%7C+BICENTENARIO&rft.date=2021-07-23&rft.aulast=PER%C3%9A&rft.aufirst=NOTICIAS+EL+COMERCIO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felcomercio.pe%2Fbicentenario%2F1982-l-china-campeon-y-peru-segundo-en-el-mundial-de-voley-l-bicentenario-noticia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFConrecu2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Conrecu (2020-06-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conrecutecu.tv/tipos-de-cocina-peruana/">"Tipos de Cocina Peruana"</a>. <i>Con Recutecu.tv</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Con+Recutecu.tv&rft.atitle=Tipos+de+Cocina+Peruana&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft.au=Conrecu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conrecutecu.tv%2Ftipos-de-cocina-peruana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.excelenciasgourmet.com/es/turismo-gastronomico/peru-mejor-destino-culinario-en-el-mundo-2021">"Perú mejor destino culinario en el mundo 2021"</a>. <i>Excelencias Gourmet</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Excelencias+Gourmet&rft.atitle=Per%C3%BA+mejor+destino+culinario+en+el+mundo+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.excelenciasgourmet.com%2Fes%2Fturismo-gastronomico%2Fperu-mejor-destino-culinario-en-el-mundo-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPERÚ" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">PERÚ, Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-excelente-peru-es-distinguido-como-mejor-destino-culinario-lider-el-mundo-2021-873649.aspx">"¡Excelente! Perú es distinguido como el mejor destino culinario líder en el mundo 2021"</a>. <i>andina.pe</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=andina.pe&rft.atitle=%C2%A1Excelente%21+Per%C3%BA+es+distinguido+como+el+mejor+destino+culinario+l%C3%ADder+en+el+mundo+2021&rft.aulast=PER%C3%9A&rft.aufirst=Empresa+Peruana+de+Servicios+Editoriales+S.+A.+EDITORA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandina.pe%2Fagencia%2Fnoticia-excelente-peru-es-distinguido-como-mejor-destino-culinario-lider-el-mundo-2021-873649.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://institutpaulbocuse.usil.edu.pe/blog/por-estas-7-razones-la-cocina-peruana-es-reconocida-en-el-mundo">"Por estas 7 razones la cocina peruana es reconocida en el mundo"</a>. <i>institutpaulbocuse.usil.edu.pe</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=institutpaulbocuse.usil.edu.pe&rft.atitle=Por+estas+7+razones+la+cocina+peruana+es+reconocida+en+el+mundo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finstitutpaulbocuse.usil.edu.pe%2Fblog%2Fpor-estas-7-razones-la-cocina-peruana-es-reconocida-en-el-mundo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pisacinn.com/el-ceviche-peruano-y-la-historia-que-lo-convirtio-en-patrimonio-cultural-de-la-nacion/?lang=es#:~:text=Seviche,%20ceviche%20o%20cebiche,%20es,representante%20de%20la%20comida%20peruana.">"El ceviche peruano y la historia que lo convirtió en Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación | Pisac Inn"</a>. <i>pisacinn.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pisacinn.com&rft.atitle=El+ceviche+peruano+y+la+historia+que+lo+convirti%C3%B3+en+Patrimonio+Cultural+de+la+Naci%C3%B3n+%7C+Pisac+Inn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpisacinn.com%2Fel-ceviche-peruano-y-la-historia-que-lo-convirtio-en-patrimonio-cultural-de-la-nacion%2F%3Flang%3Des%23%3A~%3Atext%3DSeviche%2C%2520ceviche%2520o%2520cebiche%2C%2520es%2Crepresentante%2520de%2520la%2520comida%2520peruana.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Peru&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPhipps,_Elena2004" class="citation book cs1">Phipps, Elena; et al. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/121641"><i><span></span></i>The colonial Andes: tapestries and silverwork, 1530-1830<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1588391310" title="Special:BookSources/1588391310"><bdi>1588391310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+colonial+Andes%3A+tapestries+and+silverwork%2C+1530-1830&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1588391310&rft.au=Phipps%2C+Elena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F121641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peru_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peru_topics" title="Template:Peru topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peru_topics" title="Template talk:Peru topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peru_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peru topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peru_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Peru-related_articles" title="Index of Peru-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Peruvian_history" title="Timeline of Peruvian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Ancient cultures</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guano_Era" title="Guano Era">Guano Era</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Peru_War" title="Colombia–Peru War">Colombia–Peru War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_conflict" title="Peruvian conflict">Internal conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_political_crisis_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)">Political crisis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Peru" title="Demographic history of Peru">Demographic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Peru" title="Economic history of Peru">Economic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Peru" title="Geography of Peru">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Peru" title="List of cities in Peru">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Peru" title="Climate of Peru">Climate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Peru" title="List of earthquakes in Peru">Earthquakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora of Peru">Flora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Peru" title="List of mountains in Peru">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Life_zones_of_Peru" title="Life zones of Peru">Natural regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Peru" title="List of protected areas of Peru">Protected areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Peru" title="List of rivers of Peru">Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Peru" title="Wildlife of Peru">Wildlife</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Peru" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Peru">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Peru" title="Politics of Peru">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Peru" title="Censorship in Peru">Censorship</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Peru" title="Elections in Peru">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Peru" title="Government of Peru">Government</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Peru" title="Foreign relations of Peru">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Peru" title="Human rights in Peru">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Peru" title="LGBT rights in Peru">LGBT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Peru" title="Judiciary of Peru">Law</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Peru" title="Law enforcement in Peru">enforcement</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Armed_Forces" title="Peruvian Armed Forces">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Peru" title="List of political parties in Peru">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Peru" title="Administrative divisions of Peru">Regions and provinces</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Bank_of_Peru" title="Central Reserve Bank of Peru">Central Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Peru" title="List of companies of Peru">Companies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_sol" title="Peruvian sol">Sol <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Peru" title="Electricity sector in Peru">Electricity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lima_Stock_Exchange" title="Lima Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Peru" title="Taxation in Peru">Taxation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Peru" title="Telecommunications in Peru">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Peru" title="Tourism in Peru">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Peru" title="Transport in Peru">Transport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Peru" title="Category:Society of Peru">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Peru" title="Abortion in Peru">Abortion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Peru" title="Crime in Peru">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Peru" title="Demographics of Peru">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Peru" title="Education in Peru">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Peru" title="Health in Peru">Health</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Peru" title="Irrigation in Peru">Irrigation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Peruvians" title="List of Peruvians">List of Peruvians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Peru" title="Prostitution in Peru">Prostitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Peru" title="Public holidays in Peru">Public holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Peru" title="Squatting in Peru">Squatting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Peru" title="Water resources management in Peru">Water resources management</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Peru" title="Water supply and sanitation in Peru">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Peru" title="Architecture of Peru">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_art" title="Peruvian art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Peru" title="Cinema of Peru">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_literature" title="Peruvian literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Peru" title="Mass media in Peru">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Peru" title="Sport in Peru">Sport</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Peru" title="National symbols of Peru">Symbols</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Peru" title="Outline of Peru">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Peru-related_articles" title="Index of Peru-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peru" title="Category:Peru">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peru" title="Portal:Peru">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean_topic" title="Template:Latin America and the Caribbean topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean_topic" title="Template talk:Latin America and the Caribbean topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin America and the Caribbean topic"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Latin America and the Caribbean">Culture of Latin America and the Caribbean</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Caribbean" title="Culture of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Culture of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Aruba" title="Culture of Aruba"><i>Aruba</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Bahamas" title="Culture of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Barbados" title="Culture of Barbados">Barbados</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cuba" title="Culture of Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Curaçao"><i>Curaçao</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Dominica" title="Culture of Dominica">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Culture of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Grenada" title="Culture of Grenada">Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Haiti" title="Culture of Haiti">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jamaica" title="Culture of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Culture of Puerto Rico"><i>Puerto Rico</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Culture of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Culture of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Sint Maarten"><i>Sint Maarten</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Culture of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Latin_America.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin America and the Caribbean"><img alt="Latin America and the Caribbean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Map-Latin_America.svg/70px-Map-Latin_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Map-Latin_America.svg/105px-Map-Latin_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Map-Latin_America.svg/140px-Map-Latin_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Central_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Central America">Central America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belize" title="Culture of Belize">Belize</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Costa_Rica" title="Culture of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_El_Salvador" title="Culture of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guatemala" title="Culture of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Honduras" title="Culture of Honduras">Honduras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nicaragua" title="Culture of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Panama" title="Culture of Panama">Panama</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Middle_America_(Americas)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of Middle America (Americas) (page does not exist)">Middle America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico" title="Culture of Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_America" title="Culture of South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Argentina" title="Culture of Argentina">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bolivia" title="Culture of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brazil" title="Culture of Brazil">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Chile" title="Culture of Chile">Chile</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Colombia" title="Culture of Colombia">Colombia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ecuador" title="Culture of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of French Guiana"><i>French Guiana</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guyana" title="Culture of Guyana">Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Paraguay" title="Culture of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Suriname" title="Culture of Suriname">Suriname</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uruguay" title="Culture of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Venezuela" title="Culture of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> not included.<span class="nowrap">    </span><i>Semi-autonomous territories are in italics.</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node ($1) (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change ($1) (timestamp) | '1712918477' |