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'{{short description|Brazilian scientist and politician (1894–1976)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox person | name = Bertha Lutz | image = Bertha Lutz 1925.jpg | alt = | caption = Lutz in 1925 | birth_name = Bertha Maria Júlia Lutz | other_names = Lutz Berta | occupation = Scientist | birth_date = {{Birth date|1894|08|02}} | birth_place = [[São Paulo]], Brazil | death_date = {{Death date and age|1976|09|16|1894|08|02}} | death_place = [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil }} '''Bertha Maria Júlia Lutz''' (August 2, 1894 – September 16, 1976) was a Brazilian [[zoologist]], politician, and diplomat. Lutz became a leading figure in both the [[Americas|Pan American]] [[feminist movement]] and [[human rights movement]].<ref>June E. Hahner, "Bertha Maria Julia Lutz" in ''[[Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture]]'', vol. 3, pp. 474–75. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</ref> She was instrumental in gaining [[women's suffrage in Brazil]] and represented her country at the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization]], signing her name to the [[United Nations Charter]] and championing the inclusion of Article 8 in the Charter<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adami |first1=Rebecca |title=Women and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York & London |isbn=9780429437939 |pages=19-39 |url=https://www.routledge.com/Women-and-the-Universal-Declaration-of-Human-Rights/Adami/p/book/9780367622787}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Adami & Plesch |first1=Eds. |title=Women and the UN: A new history of women's international human rights |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9781003036708 |pages=chapter 1,2 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami}}</ref>. In addition to her political work, she was a [[naturalist]] at the [[National Museum of Brazil]], specializing in [[poison dart frog]]s. She has four frog species and two lizard species named after her. == Early life and education == Bertha Lutz was born on August 2, 1894, in [[São Paulo]], Brazil. She was born to a British mother and a Brazilian father. Her father, [[Adolfo Lutz]] (1855–1940), was a pioneering physician and epidemiologist of [[Swiss Brazilians|Swiss]] origin, and her mother, Amy Marie Gertrude Fowler, was a British [[nurse]]. In her teenage years, she grew interested in the women's rights. Bertha Lutz studied [[natural sciences]], [[biology]] and [[zoology]] at the [[University of Paris|University of Paris – Sorbonne]] graduating in 1918. Soon after obtaining her degrees, she returned to Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vida Pessoal|url=http://lhs.unb.br/bertha/|access-date=May 6, 2015|website=Museo Virtual de Berta Lutz}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lôbo|first1=Yolanda Lima|title=Bertha Lutz|date=2010|publisher=Fundação Joaquim Nabuco, Editora Massangana|location=Recife, PE|page=129}}</ref> Later, she would attend the [[Federal University of Rio de Janeiro]], graduating in 1933 with a law degree. While in Europe, she also was introduced to and inspired by the militant suffrage movement.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Marino|first=Katherine M.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1084655495|title=Feminism for the Americas : the making of an international human rights movement|date=2019|isbn=978-1-4696-4970-2|location=Chapel Hill|pages=27|oclc=1084655495}}</ref> ==Career== === Early Brazilian women's organizations === Bertha Lutz returned to Brazil in 1918 after her seven-year academic career in Paris. Upon her return, she joined the ''[[Legiao da Mulher Brasilera]]'' (Brazilian Women's Legion) as an administrative director of a commission.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Hahner|first=June Edith|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21077746|title=Emancipating the female sex : the struggle for women's rights in Brazil, 1850-1940|date=1990|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-1051-1|location=Durham|pages=136|oclc=21077746}}</ref> The established goal of the organization, founded by [[Alice Rego Monterio]] in 1919, was to provide organized social services for women in Brazil.<ref name=":0" /> After gaining organizational experience, Bertha Lutz cofounded a new organization, the [[Liga para a Emancipacao Intellectual da Mulher|''Liga para a Emancipação Intelectual da Mulher'']] (The League for Intellectual Emancipation of Women), with [[Maria Lacerda de Moura|Maria Lacerda da Moura]] in 1920.<ref name=":0" /> This organization advocated for the inclusion of women in scientific areas. In 1922, Lutz established ''[[Federação Brasileira pelo Progresso Feminino]]'' (the Brazilian Federation for the Advancement of Women, FBPF).<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Francesca|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45727500|title=Latin American women and the search for social justice|date=1991|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=978-1-61168-056-0|location=Hanover|pages=87|oclc=45727500}}</ref> This organization was different as it included women from across Brazil and created a national platform focused on socio-economic issues affecting women.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Francesca|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45727500|title=Latin American women and the search for social justice|date=1991|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=978-1-61168-056-0|location=Hanover|pages=87–88|oclc=45727500}}</ref> After some time, the FBPF broadened the focus on socio-economic issues to include the right to vote.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Francesca|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45727500|title=Latin American women and the search for social justice|date=1991|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=978-1-61168-056-0|location=Hanover|pages=88|oclc=45727500}}</ref> Within the first year of the FBPF's creation, Lutz and other members organized an international convention to take place in Brazil, which was attended by dignitaries within Brazil and from foreign nations, including notable feminists like [[Carrie Chapman Catt]], [[Ana de Castro Osório|Ana de Castro Osorio]] and [[Rosa Manus]].<ref name=":22"/> === Inter-American feminist and suffrage campaigns === The FBPF began advocating for women's rights and extending suffrage to women across the American states, campaigns Lutz also participated in.<ref name=":3"/> She served as a delegate to the [[Pan-American Conference of Women]] in [[Baltimore, Maryland]] in 1922, and would continue to attend women's rights conferences in the years to follow.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last1=Lôbo|first1=Yolanda Lima|title=Bertha Lutz|date=2010|publisher=Fundação Joaquim Nabuco, Editora Massangana|location=Recife, PE|pages=31–33}}</ref> In 1925, she was elected president of the Inter-American Union of Women.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pernet|first1=Corinne|year=2000|title=Chilean Feminists, the International Women's Movement, and Suffrage, 1915–1950|journal=Pacific Historical Review|volume=69|issue=4|pages=663–688|doi=10.2307/3641229|jstor=3641229}}</ref> Lutz's involvement in the fight for women's suffrage made her the leading Brazilian figure of women's rights until the end of 1931, when Brazilian women finally gained the right to vote. Lutz's advocacy for the rights of women did not end with the right to vote, and she continued to play a prominent role in feminist campaigns. In 1933, after obtaining her law degree from the [[Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Faculty of Law]], Lutz introduced several proposals for [[gender equity]] at the [[Inter-American Conference]] of [[Montevideo]], Uruguay. Most notable of these proposals was her call for the Inter-American Commission of Women to focus on issues of [[gender equality]] in the workplace.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lôbo|first1=Yolanda Lima|title=Bertha Lutz|date=2010|publisher=Fundação Joaquim Nabuco, Editora Massangana|location=Recife, PE|page=73}}</ref> In 1935, Lutz decided to run for a seat in the [[National Congress of Brazil]] and came in second behind Cándido Pessoa. She replaced him when he died a year later, making Lutz one of the few Brazilian Congresswomen of the era. The first initiative that Lutz presented while in Congress was the creation of the “Statute of Women”, a committee to analyze every Brazilian law and statute to ensure none violated the rights of women.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lôbo|first1=Yolanda Lima|title=Bertha Lutz|date=2010|publisher=Fundação Joaquim Nabuco, Editora Massangana|location=Recife, PE|page=75}}</ref> [[File:Posse de Bertha Lutz como Deputada na Câmara Federal.jpg|thumb|Bertha Lutz with family, feminists, and the Brazilian Federation for Women's Progress on the stairs of the Chamber of Deputies, Rio de Janeiro. (1936)]] Lutz, however, was unable to push forward her measures after [[Getúlio Vargas]] was reinstated as dictator in 1937, which led to a suspension of parliament, and the Statute project.<ref name="Bertha Lutz">{{cite book|last1=Lôbo|first1=Yolanda Lima|title=Bertha Lutz|date=2010|publisher=Fundação Joaquim Nabuco, Editora Massangana|location=Recife, PE|page=132}}</ref> Lutz nonetheless continued her diplomatic career. She was one of the four women to sign the [[United Nations]] Charter at the Inter-American Conference of Women held in [[San Francisco]] in 1945. She also served as vice president of the Inter-American Commission of Women from 1953 to 1959.<ref name="University of California Press">{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Francesca|title=Women, Culture, and Politics in Latin America|url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7c600832&chunk.id=d0e185|website=UC Press E-books Collection|publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> === Political conferences === At the 1922 [[Pan-American Conference of Women]], Lutz advocated for the equality of rights and opportunity of women, with a special focus on political inclusion.<ref name="University of California Press" /> Lutz came prepared to the 1933 [[Montevideo Convention|Inter-American Conference of Montevideo]] with a study of the legal status of women in the Americas, and advocated that the [[nationality]] of married women should not be contingent on that of their husbands. She also proposed an Equals Rights Treaty and pushed the [[Inter-American Commission of Women]] to refocus and recommit to analyzing working conditions of women in the Americas.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Marques|first1=Teresa Cristina|title=Between the Equalitarism and Women's Rights Reformation: Bertha Lutz at Montevideo Interamerican Conference, 1933|journal=Revista Estudos Feministas|volume=21|issue=3}}</ref> [[File:Bertha Lutz recebe o título de Doutor Honoris Causa.jpg|thumb|Lutz receiving the ''Doutor Honoris Causa'' ([[Mills College]], 1945)]] [[File:Bertha Lutz na Conferência de São Francisco 01.jpg|thumb|Lutz at the UN conference (San Francisco, 1945)]] During the 1945 [[United Nations Conference on International Organization]] in San Francisco, Lutz, along with [[Minerva Bernardino]], fought for the inclusion of the word “women” in the [[preamble]] to the [[United Nations Charter]]. The first draft did not mention the word "women", and against the wishes of US delegate Virginia Gildersleeve and some British female advisors, Lutz and other women from Latin America insisted in the final [[clause]] read: " ...faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Skard|first1=Torild|title=Getting Our History Right: How Were the Equal Rights of Women and Men Included in the Charter of the United Nations?|journal=Forum for Development Studies|volume=35|issue=1|pages=37–60|doi=10.1080/08039410.2008.9666394|year=2008|s2cid=153554479}}</ref> She further proposed the UN create a special commission whose purpose it would be to analyze the "legal status of women" around the world in order to better understand the inequalities they faced and be better prepared to combat them. She is credited with being the most prominent and tenacious advocate for the inclusion of women's rights in the UN Charter, and without her work the United Nations would likely not have a mandate to protect women's rights.<ref name="WomenAndTheUNCharter">{{cite web|url=http://www.cisd.soas.ac.uk/research/women-and-the-un-charter,7990664|title=Centre for International Studies and Diplomacy (CISD) at SOAS University of London|website=www.cisd.soas.ac.uk|access-date=July 21, 2016|archive-date=June 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623203548/http://www.cisd.soas.ac.uk/research/women-and-the-un-charter,7990664|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Bertha Lutz 01.jpg|thumb|Lutz in later years.]] In 1964, Lutz headed the Brazilian delegation at the 14th Inter-American Commission in Montevideo.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lôbo|first1=Yolanda Lima|title=Bertha Lutz|date=2010|publisher=Fundação Joaquim Nabuco, Editora Massangana|location=Recife, PE|page=97}}</ref> Additionally, at the 15th annual meeting of the Inter-American Commission of Women held in 1970, she proposed to hold a seminar dedicated to addressing the specific problems faced by indigenous women. Although she was a little over seventy at this stage of her life, Lutz continued to attend conferences and push for the expansion of women's rights, including the [[World Conference on Women, 1975]], in [[Mexico City]].<ref>Hahner, "Lutz", p. 475.</ref> ===Scientific career=== After returning to Brazil in 1918, Lutz dedicated herself to the study of [[amphibians]], especially poison dart frogs and frogs of the family ''[[Hylidae]]''.<ref>Lutz, Bertha (1973). ''Brazilian Species of "Hyla"''. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 260 pp. {{ISBN|978-0292707047}}.</ref> In 1919, she was hired by the ''[[Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro]]''. She later became a naturalist at the Section of Botany. Throughout her lifetime, Lutz would publish numerous scientific studies and publications, most notably “Observations on the life history of the Brazilian Frog” (1943), “A notable frog chorus in Brazil” (1946), and “New frogs from Itatiaia mountain” (1952).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lôbo|first1=Yolanda Lima|title=Bertha Lutz|date=2010|publisher=Fundação Joaquim Nabuco, Editora Massangana|location=Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil|page=133}}</ref> In 1958, she described what is now known as Lutz's rapids frog (''[[Paratelmatobius lutzii]]'' Lutz and [[:fr:Antenor Leitão de Carvalho|Carvalho]], 1958), which is named in honor of her father.<ref name="EDR">Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Lutz, A." and "Lutz, B. M. J.", p. 163).</ref> Lutz is honored in the names of two [[species]] of Brazilian lizards, ''[[Liolaemus lutzae]]'' and ''[[Phyllopezus lutzae]]'',<ref name=EDR/> as well as four species of frogs, ''Pristimantis lutzae'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pristimantis lutzae Páez and Ron, 2019 &#124; Amphibian Species of the World|url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Brachycephaloidea/Craugastoridae/Ceuthomantinae/Pristimantis/Pristimantis-lutzae}}</ref> ''[[Dendropsophus berthalutzae]]'', ''[[Megaelosia lutzae]]'', and ''[[Scinax berthae]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Beolens, Bo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJY3BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22|title=The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians|author2=Watkins, Michael|author3=Grayson, Michael|date=2013|publisher=Pelagic Publishing|isbn=978-1-907807-44-2|place=Exeter, England|pages=22, 130}}</ref> Bertha Lutz's collections held at the Museu Nacional in Rio de Janeiro were destroyed in the fire that devastated most of the museum's collections in September 2018.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Roth|first1=Cassia|last2=Dubois|first2=Ellen|date=2020|title=Feminism, Frogs and Fascism: The Transnational Activism of Brazil's Bertha Lutz|journal=Gender & History|language=en|volume=32|issue=1|pages=208–226|doi=10.1111/1468-0424.12461|issn=1468-0424|doi-access=}}</ref> == Selected works == * “Observations on the life history of the Brazilian Frog” (1943) * “A notable frog chorus in Brazil” (1946) * “New frogs from Itatiaia mountain” (1952). == Death == She died in 1976 at the age of 82.<ref name="Bertha Lutz"/> The [[Diploma Bertha Lutz]] for notable Brazilian women is named in her honor.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=March 19, 2022 |title=Nos 20 anos do Diploma Bertha Lutz, defesa dos direitos da mulher é destaque |url=https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/infomaterias/2022/03/nos-20-anos-do-diploma-bertha-lutz-defesa-dos-direitos-da-mulher-e-destaque |access-date=December 1, 2022 |website=Senado Federal |language=pt-br}}</ref> == See also == * [[Women's suffrage]] * [[Feminism in Brazil]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== *Hahner, June E. ''Emancipating the Female Sex: The Struggle for Women's Rights in Brazil, 1850–1940''. (1990) ==External links== {{Commons category}} * [https://images.google.com/images?q=feminist%20lutz%20source%3ALIFE&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wi Bertha Lutz: Photographs from LIFE Magazine], three black-and-white photos, captioned in English * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050407051655/http://www.cpdoc.fgv.br/nav_historia/htm/biografias/ev_bio_bertalutz.htm Berta Lutz: Biografia]. Getúlio Vargas Foundation CPDOC (In Portuguese) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050420104658/http://www.mundofisico.joinville.udesc.br/Enciclopedia/174.htm Berta Lutz: Biografia]. Mundo Físico (In Portuguese) * [http://www.ipsnews.net/2016/09/how-latin-american-women-fought-for-womens-rights-in-the-un-charter/ How Latin American Women Fought for Women’s Rights in the UN Charter, by Phoebe Braithwaite] Article about Lutz's spearheading the effort to get women's rights in the UN Charter, accessed September 17, 2016. Includes photo of Lutz. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lutz, Bertha Maria Julia}} [[Category:1894 births]] [[Category:1976 deaths]] [[Category:University of Paris alumni]] [[Category:Brazilian herpetologists]] [[Category:Brazilian people of Swiss-German descent]] [[Category:Brazilian people of English descent]] [[Category:20th-century Brazilian women scientists]] [[Category:Brazilian women's rights activists]] [[Category:20th-century Brazilian women politicians]] [[Category:20th-century Brazilian politicians]] [[Category:Feminist writers]] [[Category:People associated with Federal University of Rio de Janeiro]] [[Category:Writers from São Paulo]] [[Category:Women herpetologists]] [[Category:20th-century Brazilian zoologists]] [[Category:20th-century Brazilian women writers]]'