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'{{Short description|A movement of NGOs describing themselves as anti-racist}} {{refimprove|date=March 2008}} [[Image:Main sos.png|thumb|Logo of the association. The slogan means "don't touch my friend"]] '''SOS Rascime''' ({{IPA-fr|ɛsɔɛs ʁasism}}) is a movement of [[NGO]]s which describe themselves as [[anti-racist]]. The oldest chapter of SOS Racisme was founded in 1984 in France, and it has counterparts in several other European countries or regions. [[SOS Rasisme|Its Norwegian branch]], which claimed to be both the largest chapter of SOS Racisme and the largest anti-racist organisation in Europe, was controversial for its strong [[Marxism–Leninism–Maoism|Maoist]] stance and for defrauding the government, resulting in the organisation's conviction for fraud and its bankruptcy as well as criminal proceedings against its leaders.<ref name="nrk2014-1" /><ref name="db39979467" /> ==Activities== SOS Racisme's stated goal is to fight racial [[discrimination]]. Often the plaintiff in discrimination trials, the organization also offers support to immigrants and racial minorities that are facing discrimination. It is also heavily involved in protesting and publicising examples of discrimination in society and in the law. SOS Racisme uses testing as a method to expose racial discrimination by finding where racial double standards may exist. For example, two identical work applications might be submitted to a prospective employer, with the only difference being the name of the applicants. One with a name of French origin, the other with a name suggestive of an immigrant. Other testings could take place at a realty office, where two people whose only difference is race would both look for housing, etc.. This tactic has led to numerous lawsuits for racial discrimination, especially against nightclubs. ==History== SOS Racisme was created one year after the [[March for Equality and Against Racism]], considered to be the first national anti-racist movement in France, which took place in 1983. Most participants were young people from North African immigration, who protested against racist crimes. In 1984, a second march was organised, led by [[Farida Belghoul]]. That same year, the socialist government helped to create SOS Racisme, a more moderate anti-racist organisation, without the main leaders of the two marches, who denounced a "hijacking" of the movement by the [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]]. The [[UEJF]], a Jewish student organisation, also played an important part in the creation of SOS Racisme.<ref>[http://cinquiemecolonne.canalblog.com/archives/2016/07/07/34057713.html SOS Racisme, une association éternellement liée à Israël?], ''Cinquième Colonne'', 7 April 2016.</ref> The guiding principle of the association, brotherhood, is represented by the yellow hand logo upon which is written ''Touche pas à mon pote''. This slogan, which means "Hands off my pal!", was adopted upon the creation of the organization in October 1984. SOS Racisme benefitted from open support from the PS in the 1980s, and many members of SOS Racisme became high-level PS politicians: [[Harlem Désir]], president of SOS Racisme from 1984 to 1992, is today a [[Member of the European Parliament]] for the PS; Fodé Sylla, president of SOS Racisme from 1992 to 1999 was at that time a member of the PS (and later a Member of the European Parliament for the [[French Communist Party|Communist Party]], PCF); his successor, [[Malek Boutih]], was national secretary of the PS in charge of social issues (including immigration-related issues); another president of SOS Racisme, {{Interlanguage link multi| Dominique Sopo|fr}}, started political activism in the UNEF-ID socialist student trade-union, before taking membership in the youth organisation of the PS. SOS Racisme believes that, to put an end to racial discrimination, changes must be made to methods of [[urban planning]] and to education. Since the early 1990s, it has denounced the [[ghetto]]s that are on the outskirts of big cities. The association advocates [[racial integration|integration]], and often cites examples of successful [[immigrants]] or their descendants. At the turn of the century, SOS Racisme declared support for the [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process]] that was interrupted by the [[al-Aqsa Intifada|Second Intifada]]. It also denounced a resurgence of [[antisemitism]] in a book jointly published in 2002 with the [[Union des étudiants juifs de France|UEJF]], a Jewish student organization. Since then, the two organizations have continued to collaborate. Their ''Rire contre le racisme'' event (Laughing against racism) is held annually since 2004 at the [[The Zenith|Zenith]] concert hall in [[Paris]], where it has featured performances by comedians such as [[Michel Boujenah]], [[Dany Boon]], [[Jean-Marie Bigard]] and [[Gad Elmaleh]]. In 2003, they also founded a joint student association called FEDER (''Fédération des Enfants de la République'') which runs for office in university elections. In February 2006, during the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|''Jyllands-Posten'' Muhammad cartoons controversy]], SOS Racisme organized public meetings to defend their publication. ==Criticism== While often criticized by the centre-right, SOS Racisme is often criticized by the [[Far-left politics|far left]] and [[moderate left]] as well. Immigrants' associations and far left movements have often decried it as a puppet of the Socialist Party, and have in particular criticized its reformist and assimilationist stance, based on a classic [[Republicanism|Republican]] vision of a "meritocratic society," where social ascension is held to be favored by the Republic—a vision already denounced in the 1970s by the works of sociologist [[Pierre Bourdieu]]. [[Malek Boutih]], president of SOS Racisme between 1999 and 2003, was often criticized for statements supporting immigration quotas when he was the Socialist Party's point man on immigration affairs. ===Bankruptcy and criminal proceedings against Norwegian branch=== {{Main|SOS Rasisme}} Its Norwegian branch SOS Rasisme was by far the largest chapter of SOS Racisme and claimed to have 40,000 members and 270 local branches. SOS Rasisme was closely affiliated with and largely controlled by the [[Workers' Communist Party (Norway)|Workers' Communist Party]] and later by the Maoist party [[Serve the People (Norway)|Serve the People – The Communist League]] (the Marxist-Leninist-Maoist faction which split from the Workers' Communist Party in 1997 as a result of an internal conflict),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://klassekampen.no/57480/article/item/null/tjen-folkets-smorbukk|title=Klassekampen.no Tjen Folkets Smrbukk|work=Klassekampen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2010/05/11/nyheter/sos_rasisme/medlemsrot/innenriks/tjen_folket/11675184/|title= Tjen Folket er limet i organisasjonen|work=Dagbladet.no|date= 11 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2010/05/12/nyheter/tjen_folket/sos_rasisme/medlemsrot/innenriks/11677762/|title="Joe" sendte millioner ut av SOS Rasisme|work=Dagbladet|date=12 May 2010 }}</ref> and was widely described as a [[front organization]] for those communist parties. SOS Rasisme went bankrupt in 2013 after being convicted of defrauding the government by exaggerating its membership, and 8 of its leaders, including its last President and its last Secretary-General, were indicted for [[fraud]], [[embezzlement]] and [[money laundering]] in 2015<ref name="nrk2014-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/rogaland/leder-av-sos-rasisme-arrestert-1.11687946|title=Leder av SOS Rasisme arrestert|author=NRK|work=NRK|date=28 April 2014 }}</ref><ref name="db39979467">{{cite web|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2015/07/04/nyheter/sos_rasisme/innenriks/medlemsjuks/lnu/39979467/|title=Siktelser for hvitvasking, grovt bedrageri av millioner og økonomisk utroskap mot ti personer|work=Dagbladet|date=4 July 2015 }}</ref><ref name="db40908632">Eiliv Frich Flydal, «[http://www.dagbladet.no/2015/09/01/nyheter/sos_rasisme/innenriks/tjen_folket/politikk/40908632/ Åtte tiltalt for grovt bedrageri]», ''[[Dagbladet]]'', 4. september 2015</ref> and subsequently convicted and sentenced to prison in 2016.<ref>[http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/flere-domt-til-fengsel-i-sos-rasisme-saken/64045238 Flere dømt til fengsel i SOS Rasisme-saken] ("Several people sentenced to prison in the SOS Racisme criminal case"), ''[[Dagbladet]]'', 2 November 2016</ref> SOS Rasisme faced strong criticism from the media in Norway and from all mainstream political parties over several years due to its dominance by Maoists, and SOS Racisme has been widely considered politically extreme in Norway and was shunned by some other anti-racist organisations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2010/05/11/nyheter/sos_rasisme/innenriks/medlemsrot/medlemsjuks/11675816/|title=Dekknavn: "Joe"|work=Dagbladet.no|date=11 May 2010 }}</ref> == Presidents of French chapter == * [[Harlem Désir]], 1984–92 * [[Fodé Sylla]], 1992–99 * [[Malek Boutih]], 1999–2003 * Dominique Sopo, 2003–2012 * Cindy Leoni, 2012–2014 * Dominique Sopo, 2014–''present'' ==National chapters== * SOS Racisme Switzerland * SOS Racisme Catalunya<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sosracisme.org/|title=SOS Racisme}}</ref> * SOS Rassismus - AktionCourage e.V. Germany * SOS Racismo Portugal * SOS Racisme Denmark * SOS Razzismo Italy * [[SOS Rasisme]] Norway (went bankrupt in 2013 after its conviction for fraud) * SOS Mitmensch Austria<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sosmitmensch.at/site/ueberuns/unsereschwestern|title=Unsere Schwestern|author=SOS MITMENSCH, ZOLLERGASSE 15/2, 1070 WIEN, AUSTRIA|work=sosmitmensch.at}}</ref> * SOS Racismo España https://sosracismo.eu/ (includes several offices in the North of Spain and publishes an annual summary of the state of racism in Spain and Europe: https://sosracismo.eu/informe-sos-racismo/) ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Bibliography== * Serge Malik, ''L'Histoire secrète de SOS-Racisme''; Albin Michel, 1990; 185 p., {{ISBN|2-226-04818-9}} ==External links== * {{in lang|fr}} {{Official website|http://www.sos-racisme.org/}} * [http://www.gillesdurupt.com/2/sos_racisme.html "We all love the same land"] - SOS-Racisme 1990 campaign (''"On aime tous le même pays"'') {{Footer Olof Palme Prize laureates}} [[Category:Anti-racism in France]] [[Category:Anti-racist organizations in Europe]] [[Category:Left-wing advocacy groups in France]] [[Category:Politics of France]] [[Category:Organizations established in 1984]] [[Category:Human rights organizations based in France]] [[Category:Olof Palme Prize laureates]]'