Old page wikitext, before the edit ($1) (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|One of China's classic novels}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox book
|name = Journey to the West
|title_orig = 西遊記
|orig_lang_code=zh
| oclc =
| native_wikisource = 西遊記
|dewey=895.1346
|translator =
|image = Evl53201b pic.jpg
|caption = Earliest known edition of the book from the 16th century
|author = [[Wu Cheng'en]]
|country = [[Ming China]]
|language = [[Written vernacular Chinese|Chinese]]
|genre = [[Gods and demons fiction]], [[Chinese mythology]], fantasy, adventure
|release_date = c. 1592 (print){{Sfnb|Yu|2012|p=18}}
|english_release_date =1942 (abridged)<br>1977–1983 (complete)
|set_in=[[China]], 7th century AD
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = ''Journey to the West''
| pic = Xi you ji (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap = ''Journey to the West'' in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.5
| t = {{linktext|西遊記}}
| s = 西游记
| l = West Journey Record
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|x|i|1|-|you|2|-|j|i|4}}
| p = Xī Yóu Jì
| lmz = Si yeu ji
| w = Hsi<sup>1</sup>-yu<sup>2</sup> chi<sup>4</sup>
| j = Sai1 jau4 gei3
| y = Sāi yàuh gei
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|s|ai|1|-|j|au|4|-|g|ei|3}}
| tl = {{Zhwb|Se iû kì|Sai iû kì}}
| Tiếng Việt = Tây Du Kí
}}
'''''Journey to the West''''' ({{zh|t= ''Xiyou ji'' 西遊記}}) is a Chinese novel published in the [[16th century]] during the [[Ming dynasty]] and attributed to [[Wu Cheng'en]]. It is regarded as one of the greatest [[Classic Chinese Novels]], and has been described as arguably the most popular literary work in East Asia.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kherdian, David|author-link=David Kherdian|title=Monkey: A Journey to the West|year=2005|pages=7|quote="is probably the most popular book in all of East Asia."}}</ref> [[Arthur Waley]]'s 1942 abridged translation, ''[[Monkey (novel)|Monkey]]'', is known in English-speaking countries.
The novel is an extended account of the legendary pilgrimage of the [[Tang dynasty]] [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monk [[Xuanzang]], who traveled to the "[[Western Regions]]" ([[Central Asia]] and [[India]]) to obtain Buddhist [[sūtra]]s (sacred texts) and returned after many trials and much suffering. The monk is referred to as [[Tang Sanzang]] in the novel. The novel retains the broad outline of Xuanzang's own account, ''[[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions]]'', but adds elements from folk tales and the author's invention: [[Gautama Buddha]] gives this task to the monk and provides him with three protectors who agree to help him as an atonement for their sins. These disciples are the [[Monkey King|Sun Wukong]], [[Zhu Bajie]], and [[Sha Wujing]], together with a [[White Dragon Horse|dragon prince]] who acts as Tang Sanzang's steed, a white horse. The group of pilgrims journey towards enlightenment by the power and virtue of cooperation.
''Journey to the West'' has strong roots in [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Chinese mythology]], [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], [[Taoism|Taoist]] and Buddhist folklore, and the pantheon of [[Taoist immortals]] and Buddhist [[bodhisattva]]s are still reflective of certain Chinese religious attitudes today, while being the inspiration of many modern [[manhwa]], [[manhua]], [[manga]] and [[anime]] series. Enduringly popular,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/monkeying-around-with-the-nobel-prize|title=Monkeying Around with the Nobel Prize: Wu Chen'en's "Journey to the West"|work=[[Los Angeles Review of Books]]|date=13 October 2013|quote=It is a cornerstone text of Eastern fiction: its stature in Asian literary culture may be compared with that of ''The Canterbury Tales'' or ''Don Quixote'' in European letters.}}</ref> the novel is at once a comic adventure story, a humorous [[satire]] of Chinese bureaucracy, a source of spiritual insight, and an extended [[allegory]].
==Authorship==
[[File:JourneytotheWest.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The four protagonists, from left to right: the [[Monkey King]], [[Tang Sanzang]] (on the [[White Dragon Horse]]), [[Zhu Bajie]], and [[Sha Wujing]]]]
The earliest known full-length version of ''Journey to the West'' was published anonymously in 1592, preceded by two briefer versions.{{Sfnb|Yu|2012|pp=17-18}} The question of authorship is further complicated by the fact that a good deal of the novel's material had been published in the form of folk tales.<ref name="jenner"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-10 |title=Journey to the West |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Journey-to-the-West |access-date=2023-05-22 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Anthony C. Yu]], writing in 2012, warned that "this vexing dispute over the novel's authorship, similar to that on the priority of its textual versions, see-sawed back and forth for nearly a century without resolution."{{Sfnb|Yu|2012|p=10}}
[[Hu Shih]], literary scholar, former Chancellor of [[Peking University]], and then Ambassador to the United States, wrote in 1942 that the novel was thought to have been written and published anonymously by [[Wu Cheng'en]]. He reasoned that the people of Wu's hometown attributed it to him early on, and kept records to that effect as early as 1625; thus, claimed Hu, ''Journey to the West'' was one of the earliest Chinese novels for which the authorship is officially documented.<ref name="intro">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Introduction | author=Hu Shih |encyclopedia=[[Monkey (novel)|Monkey]] |editor=Arthur Waley |translator1=Arthur Waley | year=1942 | pages=1–5 | location=New York | publisher=Grove Press}}</ref>
More recent scholarship casts doubts on this attribution. [[Brown University]] Chinese literature scholar David Lattimore stated in 1983: "The Ambassador's confidence was quite unjustified. What the gazetteer says is that Wu wrote something called ''The Journey to the West.'' It mentions nothing about a novel. The work in question could have been any version of our story, or something else entirely."<ref name="Lattimore">{{Cite news|first=David|last=Lattimore|date=6 March 1983|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/06/books/the-complete-monkey.html?pagewanted=all|title=The Complete 'Monkey'|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Translator [[William John Francis Jenner|W. J. F. Jenner]] pointed out that although Wu had knowledge of Chinese bureaucracy and politics, the novel itself does not include any political details that "a fairly well-read commoner could not have known."<ref name="jenner">{{harvnb|Jenner|1984}}</ref>
The overall plot of ''Journey to the West'' was "already a part of Chinese folk and literary tradition in the form of "folk stories with informal language", a poetic [[Novelette (literature)|novelette]], and a six-part [[drama]]" [[Play (theatre)|play]] series, which was transcribed and written down, before the current version was written.<ref name=":0" />
Regardless of the origins and authorship, ''Journey to the West'' has become the authoritative version of these folk stories,<ref name="jenner"/> and Wu's name has become a household name accompanying the book.{{sfnb|Shi|1999}}
==Historical context==
{{Main|Xuanzang}}
[[File:ChinaTrip2005-110.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Big Wild Goose Pagoda]] in [[Xi'an]]]]
[[File:Porcelain pillow from the Guangdong museum in Guangzhou, China.jpeg|thumb|Porcelain pillow showing characters]]
The novel ''Journey to the West'' was based on historical events. [[Xuanzang]] (602–664) was a monk at Jingtu Temple in late-[[Sui dynasty]] and early-[[Tang dynasty]] [[Chang'an]]. Motivated by seeking better translations of Buddhist scripture at the time, Xuanzang left Chang'an in 629, in defiance of [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]]'s ban on travel. Helped by sympathetic Buddhists, he traveled via [[Gansu]] and [[Qinghai]] to [[Kumul (city)|Kumul]] (Hami), thence following the [[Tian Shan]] mountains to [[Turpan]]. He then crossed regions that are today [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Afghanistan]], into [[Gandhara]], in what is today northern [[Pakistan]], in 630. Xuanzang traveled throughout India for the next thirteen years, visiting important Buddhist pilgrimage sites, studying at the ancient university at [[Nalanda]], and debating the rivals of Buddhism.
Xuanzang left India in 643 and arrived back in Chang'an in 646. Although he had defied the imperial travel ban when he left, Xuanzang received a warm welcome from Emperor Taizong upon his return. The emperor provided money and support for Xuanzang's projects. He joined Da Ci'en Monastery (Monastery of Great Maternal Grace), where he led the building of the [[Big Wild Goose Pagoda]] to store the scriptures and icons he had brought back from India. He recorded his journey in the book ''[[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions]]''. With the support of the emperor, he established an institute at Yuhua Gong (Palace of the Luster of Jade) monastery dedicated to translating the scriptures he had brought back. His translation and commentary work established him as the founder of the [[Dharma character school]] of Buddhism. Xuanzang died on 7 March 664. The Xingjiao Monastery was established in 669 to house his ashes.
Popular and story-teller versions of Xuanzang's journey dating as far back as the [[Southern Song dynasty]] include a monkey character as a protagonist.
The supernatural abilities displayed by Wukong and some other characters were widely thought of as "magic powers" at the time of ''Journey to the West''<nowiki/>'s writing<ref name=":0" /> and often translated as such in non-Chinese versions of the book.
==Synopsis==
[[File:Journey.jpg|thumb|upright|18th-century Chinese illustration of a scene from ''Journey to the West'']]
[[File:Xyj-sunwukong.jpg|thumb|An illustrated edition of the story]]
The novel has 100 chapters that can be divided into four unequal parts.
===First Part===
The first part, which includes chapters 1–7, is a self-contained introduction to the main story. It deals entirely with the earlier exploits of [[Monkey King|Sun Wukong]], a monkey born from a stone nourished by the [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Five Elements]], who learns the art of the [[Tao]], 72 polymorphic transformations, combat, and secrets of immortality, and whose guile and force earns him the name ''Qitian Dasheng'' ({{zh|s=齐天大圣|t=齊天大聖}}), or "Great Sage Equal to Heaven." His powers grow to match the forces of all of the Eastern (Taoist) deities, and the prologue culminates in Sun's rebellion against Heaven, during a time when he garnered a post in the [[celestial bureaucracy]]. [[Hubris]] proves his downfall when the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] manages to trap him under a mountain, sealing it with a talisman for five hundred years.
===Second Part===
The second part (chapters 8–12) introduces [[Tang Sanzang]] through his early biography and the background to his great journey. Dismayed that "[[Jambudvīpa#In Buddhism|the land of the South]] (i.e. [[Tang Dynasty|Tang]] China) knows only greed, hedonism, promiscuity, and sins," the Buddha instructs the [[bodhisattva]] [[Avalokiteśvara]] ([[Guanyin]]) to search China for someone to take the Buddhist sutras of "transcendence and persuasion for good will" back. Part of this section also relates to how Tang Sanzang becomes a monk (as well as revealing his past life as a disciple of the Buddha named "Golden Cicada" ({{zh|labels=no|t=金蟬子}} ''Jīn Chánzi'') and comes about being sent on this pilgrimage by [[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Emperor Taizong]], who previously escaped death with the help of an official in the [[Diyu|Underworld]]. In the story, Tang Sanzang is considered an allegorical representation of the human heart.
===Third Part===
The third and longest section of the work is chapters 13–99, an episodic adventure story in which Tang Sanzang sets out to bring back Buddhist scriptures from Leiyin Temple on [[Vulture Peak]] in India, but encounters various evils along the way. The section is set in the sparsely populated lands along the [[Silk Road]] between China and India. The geography described in the book is, however, almost entirely fantasy; once Tang Sanzang departs [[Chang'an]], the Tang capital, and crosses the frontier (somewhere in [[Gansu]] province), he finds himself in a wilderness of deep gorges and tall mountains, inhabited by demons and animal spirits who regard him as a potential meal (since his flesh was believed to give immortality to whoever ate it), with the occasional hidden monastery or royal city-state amidst the harsh setting.
Episodes consist of 1–4 chapters and usually involve Tang Sanzang being captured and having his life threatened while his disciples try to find an ingenious (and often violent) way of liberating him. Although some of Tang Sanzang's predicaments are political and involve ordinary human beings, they more frequently consist of run-ins with various demons, many of whom turn out to be earthly manifestations of heavenly beings (whose sins will be negated by eating the flesh of Tang Sanzang) or animal-spirits with enough Taoist spiritual merit to assume semi-human forms.
Chapters 13–22 do not follow this structure precisely, as they introduce Tang Sanzang's disciples, who, inspired or goaded by [[Guanyin]], meet and agree to serve him along the way in order to atone for their sins in their past lives.
* The first is Sun Wukong, or the [[Monkey King]] (or just "Monkey"), whose given name loosely means "Monkey Awakened to [[Emptiness]] ([[Śūnyatā]])", trapped under a mountain by the Buddha for defying Heaven. He appears right away in chapter 13. The most intelligent, the most powerful, and the most violent of the disciples, he is constantly reproved for his violence by Tang Sanzang. Ultimately, he can only be controlled by a magic gold ring that Guanyin has placed around his head, which causes him unbearable headaches when Tang Sanzang chants the Ring Tightening Mantra. In the story, Sun Wukong is an allegorical representation of the human mind and thought and [[impulse (psychology)|impulse]], and is often nicknamed the "[[Monkey mind]]".
* The second, appearing in chapter 19, is [[Zhu Bajie|Zhu Wuneng / Zhu Bajie]], literally "Pig Awakened to Ability" and "Eight Precepts Pig," sometimes translated as Pigsy or just Pig. He was previously the Marshal of the Heavenly Canopy, a commander of Heaven's naval forces, and was banished to the mortal realm for harassing the moon goddess [[Chang'e]]. A reliable fighter, he is characterized by his insatiable appetites for food and women, and is constantly looking for a way out of his duties, which causes significant conflict with Sun Wukong. In the story, Zhu Bajie is an allegorical representation of base human nature (or the [[Id, ego and super-ego#Id|Id]]).
* The third, appearing in chapter 22, is the river ogre [[Sha Wujing]] (literally "Sand Awakened to Purity"), also known as Friar Sand or Sandy. He was previously the celestial Curtain Lifting General, and was banished to the mortal realm for dropping (and shattering) a crystal goblet of the [[Xi Wangmu|Queen Mother of the West]]. He is a quiet but generally dependable and hard-working character, who serves as the straight foil to the comic relief of Sun and Zhu. In the story, Sha Wujing is an allegorical representation of human obedience and [[conformity]] without thought.
* The fourth is [[White Dragon Horse|Bai Long Ma]] (literally "White Dragon Horse"), the third son of the [[Dragon King of the West Sea]], who was sentenced to death for setting fire to his father's great pearl. He was saved by Guanyin from execution to stay and wait for his call of duty. He has almost no speaking role, as throughout the story he mainly appears as a horse that Tang Sanzang rides on. In the story, the White Dragon Horse is an allegorical representation of the human will.
Chapter 22, where Sha Wujing is introduced, also provides a geographical boundary, as the river that the travelers cross brings them into a new "[[Dvipa|continent]]." Chapters 23–86 take place in the wilderness, and consist of 24 episodes of varying length, each characterized by a different magical monster or evil magician. There are impassibly wide rivers, [[Flaming Mountains|flaming mountains]], a kingdom with an all-female population, a lair of seductive spider spirits, and many other scenarios. Throughout the journey, the four disciples have to fend off attacks on their master and teacher Tang Sanzang from various monsters and calamities.
It is strongly suggested that most of these calamities are engineered by fate and/or the Buddha, as, while the monsters who attack are vast in power and many in number, no real harm ever comes to the four travelers. Some of the monsters turn out to be escaped celestial beasts belonging to bodhisattvas or Taoist sages and deities. Towards the end of the book, there is a scene where the Buddha commands the fulfillment of the last disaster, because Tang Sanzang is one short of the 81 tribulations required before attaining [[Buddhahood]].
In chapter 87, Tang Sanzang finally reaches the borderlands of India, and chapters 87–99 present magical adventures in a somewhat more mundane setting. At length, after a pilgrimage said to have taken fourteen years (the text actually only provides evidence for nine of those years, but presumably there was room to add additional episodes) they arrive at the half-real, half-legendary destination of [[Vulture Peak]], where, in a scene simultaneously mystical and comic, Tang Sanzang receives the scriptures from the living Buddha.
===Fourth part===
Chapter 100, the final chapter, quickly describes the return journey to the Tang Empire, and the aftermath in which each traveller receives a reward in the form of posts in the bureaucracy of the heavens. Sun Wukong and Tang Sanzang both achieve [[Buddhahood]], Sha Wujing becomes an [[arhat]], Bai Long Ma is made a [[nāga]] and Zhu Bajie, whose good deeds have always been tempered by his greed, is promoted to an altar cleanser (i.e. eater of excess offerings at altars).
==Main characters==
{{Further|List of Journey to the West characters}}
===Sun Wukong/Monkey King===
{{Main|Monkey King}}
[[File:Xyj-sun wukong.jpg|thumb|upright|An illustration of Sun Wukong]]
'''Sun Wukong''' ({{zh|labels=no|t=孫悟空}}) (pinyin: sūnwùkōng) is the name given to this character by his teacher, [[Subhuti]], the latter part of which means "[[satori|Awakened]] to [[Shunyata|Emptiness]]" (in the Waley translation, ''Aware-of-Vacuity''); he is often called the "'''Monkey King'''". He is born on [[Flower Fruit Mountain]] from a stone egg that forms from an ancient rock created by the coupling of Heaven and Earth. He first distinguishes himself by bravely entering the [[Shuilian Cave|Water Curtain Cave]] on the mountain; for this feat, his monkey tribe gives him the title of "Handsome Monkey King (美猴王)." After seeing a fellow monkey die because of old age, he decides to travel around the world to seek the [[Tao]], and find a way to be able to live forever. He eventually found the "Grand Master of Bodhi (菩提祖師)," who taught him the 72 heavenly methods of transformation and a "somersault cloud" which allows him to travel 108,000 [[Li (unit)|li]] almost instantaneously. After angering several gods and coming to the attention of the [[Jade Emperor]], he is given a minor position in heaven as the Keeper of Horses (弼馬溫) so they can keep an eye on him. When Sun realizes that he was given the lowest position in heaven and is not considered a full-fledged god, he becomes very angry. Upon returning to his mountain, he puts up a flag and declares himself the "Great Sage Equal to Heaven (齊天大聖)." The Jade Emperor dispatches celestial soldiers to arrest Sun Wukong, but none succeed. The Jade Emperor has no choice but to appoint him to be the guardian of the heavenly peach garden. The different varieties of peach trees in the garden bear fruit every 3,000, 6,000, and 9,000 years, and eating their flesh will bestow immortality and other gifts, so Sun Wukong eats nearly all of the ripe peaches. Later, after fairies who come to collect peaches for [[Xi Wangmu]]'s heavenly peach banquet inform Sun Wukong he is not invited and make fun of him, he once again begins to cause trouble in Heaven, stealing heavenly wine from the peach banquet and eating [[Laozi]]'s pills of immortality. He defeats an army of 100,000 celestial troops, led by the [[Four Heavenly Kings]], [[Erlang Shen]], and [[Nezha]]. Eventually, the Jade Emperor appeals to the [[Amitabha Buddha|Buddha]], who seals Wukong under a mountain called Five Elements Mountain after the latter loses a bet regarding whether he can leap out of the Buddha's hand in a single somersault. Sun Wukong is kept under the mountain for 500 years and cannot escape because of a seal that was placed on the mountain. He is later set free when Tang Sanzang comes upon him during his pilgrimage and accepts him as a disciple.
His [[signature weapon|primary weapon]] is his staff, the "[[Ruyi Jingu Bang]]," which he can shrink down to the size of a needle and keep in his ear, as well as expand it to gigantic proportions. The rod, which weighs {{convert|17550|lbs|kg}}, was originally a pillar supporting the undersea palace of the [[Dragon King of the East Sea]], but he was able to pull it out of its support and can swing it with ease. The Dragon King had told Sun Wukong he could have the staff if he could lift it, but was angry when the monkey was actually able to pull it out and accused him of being a thief. Sun Wukong was insulted, so he demanded a suit of armor and refused to leave until he received one. The Dragon King of the East and the other dragon kings, fearful of Sun wreaking havoc in their domain, gave him a suit of golden armor. These gifts, combined with his devouring of the peaches of immortality, erasing his name from the Book of the Dead, drinking heavenly wine from the Peach Festival, eating [[Laozi]]'s pills of immortality, and being tempered in [[Laozi]]'s [[Bagua (concept)|Eight-Trigram]] Furnace (after which he gained a steel-hard body and fiery golden eyes that could see far into the distance and through any disguise), makes Sun Wukong by far the strongest member of the pilgrimage. Besides these abilities, he can also pluck hairs from his body and blow on them to convert them into whatever he wishes (usually clones of himself to gain a numerical advantage in battle). Furthermore, he is a master of the 72 methods of transformation ({{zh|labels=no|t=七十二变}}),{{efn|Here, these numbers are not assigned limits to Sun Wukong's power, but numbers often used to denote infinity.|name=inf}} and can transform into anything that exists (animate and inanimate).{{efn|name=inf}} Notably, however, Sun cannot fight as well underwater, and often the pilgrimage must rely on Pigsy and Sandy for marine combat. The monkey, nimble and quick-witted, uses these skills to defeat all but the most powerful of demons on the journey.
Sun's behavior is checked by a band placed around his head by [[Guanyin]], which cannot be removed by Sun Wukong himself until the journey's end. Tang Sanzang can tighten this band by chanting the "Ring Tightening Mantra" (taught to him by Guanyin) whenever he needs to chastise him. The spell is referred to by Tang Sanzang's disciples as the "Headache Sutra". Tang Sanzang speaks this mantra quickly in repetition when Sun disobeys him.
Sun Wukong's childlike playfulness and often goofy impulsiveness is in contrast to his cunning mind. This, coupled with his great power, makes him a [[trickster hero]]. His antics present a lighter side in the long and dangerous trip into the unknown.
After completion of the journey, Sun is granted the title of Victorious Fighting Buddha ({{zh|labels=no|s=斗战胜佛|p=dòu zhànshèng fó|c=|t=鬥戰勝佛}}) and ascends to [[Buddhahood]].
===Tang Sanzang/Tripitaka===
{{Main|Tang Sanzang}}
[[File:Xyj-tang seng.jpg|thumb|upright|An illustration of Tang Sanzang]]
The monk '''Tang Sanzang''' ({{zh|labels=no|t=唐三藏}}, meaning "Tripitaka Master of Tang," with ''Tang'' referring to the [[Tang dynasty]] and ''Sanzang'' referring to the [[Tripiṭaka]], the main categories of texts in the Buddhist canon which is also used as an honorific for some Buddhist monks) is a Buddhist monk who had renounced his family to become a monk from childhood. He is just called "'''Tripitaka'''" in many English versions of the story. He set off for [[Tianzhu (India)|Tianzhu]] Kingdom ({{zh|labels=no|t=天竺国}}, an appellation for India in ancient China) to retrieve original [[Buddhist scriptures]] for China. Although he is helpless in defending himself, the [[bodhisattva]], [[Avalokiteśvara]] ([[Guanyin]]), helps by finding him powerful disciples who aid and protect him on his journey. In return, the disciples will receive enlightenment and forgiveness for their sins once the journey is done. Along the way, they help the local inhabitants by defeating various monsters and demons who try to obtain immortality by consuming Tang Sanzang's flesh.
===Zhu Bajie/Pigsy===
{{Main|Zhu Bajie}}
[[File:Xyj-zhu.jpg|thumb|upright|An illustration of Zhu Bajie]]
'''Zhu Bajie''' ({{zh|labels=no|t=豬八戒}}, literally "Pig of the Eight Prohibitions") is also known as '''Zhu Wuneng''' ("Pig Awakened to Power"), and given the name "'''Monk Pig'''", "'''Piggy'''", "'''Pigsy'''", or just simply "'''Pig'''" in English.
Once an immortal who was the Marshal of the Heavenly Canopy commanding 100,000 naval soldiers of the [[Milky Way]], he drank too much during a celebration of the gods and attempted to harass the moon goddess [[Chang'e]], resulting in his banishment to the mortal world. He was supposed to be reborn as a human but ended up in the womb of a sow due to an error on the Reincarnation Wheel, which turned him into a half-man, half-pig [[humanoid]]-pig monster. Zhu Bajie was very greedy, and could not survive without eating ravenously. Staying within the ''Yunzhan Dong'' ("cloud-pathway cave"), he was commissioned by Guanyin to accompany Tang Sanzang to India and given the new name Zhu Wuneng.
However, Zhu Bajie's lust for women led him to the Gao Family Village, where he posed as a handsome young man and helped defeat a group of robbers who tried to abduct a maiden. Eventually, the family agreed to let Zhu Bajie marry the maiden. But during the day of the wedding, he drank too much alcohol and accidentally returned to his original form. Being extremely shocked, the villagers ran away, but Zhu Bajie wanted to keep his bride, so he told the bride's father that if after one month the family still did not agree to let him keep the bride, he would take her by force. He also locked the bride up in a separate building. At this point, Tang Sanzang and Sun Wukong arrived at the Gao Family Village and helped defeat him. Renamed Zhu Bajie by Tang Sanzang, he consequently joined the pilgrimage to the West.
His weapon of choice is the ''jiuchidingpa'' ("[[Rake (tool)|nine-tooth iron rake]]"). He is also capable of 36 transformations and can travel on clouds, but not as fast as Sun Wukong. However, Zhu is noted for his fighting skills in the water, which he used to combat Sha Wujing, who later joined them on the journey. He is the second strongest member of the team.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
Pigsy's lust for women, extreme laziness, and greediness, made his spirituality the lowest in the group, with even the White Dragon Horse achieving more than him, and he remained on Earth and was granted the title "Cleaner of the Altars," with the duty of cleaning every altar at every Buddhist temple for eternity by eating excess offerings.
===Sha Wujing/Sandy===
{{Main|Sha Wujing}}
[[File:Xyj-sha seng.jpg|thumb|upright|An illustration of Shā Wùjìng]]
'''Sha Wujing''' ({{zh|labels=no|t=沙悟淨}}, "Sand Awakened to Purity"), given the name "'''[[Friar]] Sand'''", "'''Sand [[Monk]]'''", "'''[[Sandman]]'''", "'''Sand [[Fairy]]'''", "'''Sand [[Orc]]'''", "'''Sand [[Ogre]]'''", "'''Sand [[Troll]]'''", "'''Sand [[Oni]]'''", "'''Sand [[Demon]]'''", "'''Sand [[Monster]]'''", "'''Sand [[Hulk]]'''", "'''Sand'''", or "'''Sandy'''" in English, was once a celestial Curtain Lifting General, who stood in attendance by the imperial chariot in the Hall of Miraculous Mist. He was exiled to the mortal world and made to look like a sandman, orc, ogre, troll, oni, demon, monster, or hulk because he accidentally smashed a crystal goblet belonging to the [[Xi Wangmu|Queen Mother of the West]] during a Peach Banquet. The now-hideous immortal took up residence in the Flowing Sands River, terrorizing surrounding villages and travelers trying to cross the river. However, he was subdued by Sun Wukong and Zhu Bajie when Tang Sanzang's party came across him. They consequently took him in, as part of the pilgrimage to the West.
Sha Wujing's weapon is a magic wooden staff wrapped in pearly threads, although artwork and adaptations depict him with a [[Monk's spade]] staff. He also knows 18 transformation methods and is highly effective in water combat. He is known to be the most obedient, logical, and polite of the three disciples, and always takes care of his master, seldom engaging in the bickering of his fellow disciples. He has no major faults nor any extraordinary characteristics. Due to this, he is sometimes seen as a minor character. He does however serve as the peacekeeper of the group, mediating between Wukong, Bajie, and even Tang Sanzang and others. He is also the person whom Tang Sanzang consults when faced with difficult decisions.
He eventually becomes an [[arhat]] at the end of the journey, giving him a higher level of exaltation than Zhu Bajie, who is relegated to cleaning altars, but lower spiritually than Sun Wukong and Tang Sanzang, who are granted [[Buddhahood]].
==Sequels==
The brief satirical novel ''[[A Supplement to the Journey to the West|Xiyoubu]]'' ({{zh|labels=no|t=西遊補}}, "A Supplement to the Journey to the West," {{circa|1640}}) follows [[Monkey King|Sun Wukong]] as he is trapped in a magical dream world created by the Qing Fish Demon, the embodiment of desire ({{zh|labels=no|t=情}}, qing). Sun travels back and forth through time, during which he serves as the adjunct [[Yama (Buddhism and Chinese mythology)|King of Hell]] and judges the soul of the recently dead traitor [[Qin Hui]] during the [[Song dynasty]], takes on the appearance of a beautiful concubine and causes the downfall of the [[Qin dynasty]], and even faces [[Pāramitā]], one of his five sons born to the [[rakshasa]] [[Princess Iron Fan]],{{efn|Pāramitā is the only son to make an appearance and to be called by name in the novel. These sons did not originally appear in ''Journey to the West''.}} on the battlefield during the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dong |first1=Yue |translator-first1=Shuen-fu |translator-last1=Lin |translator-first2=Larry James |translator-last2=Schulz |first2=Chengẻn |last2=Wu| title=The Tower of Myriad Mirrors: A Supplement to Journey to the West |series=Michigan classics in Chinese studies |location=Ann Arbor |publisher=Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan |isbn=9780892641420 |year=2000 }}</ref> The events of ''Xiyoubu'' take place between the end of chapter 61 and the beginning of chapter 62 of ''Journey to the West''.{{sfnb|Dong|Wu|2000|p=5}} The author, Dong Yue ({{zh|labels=no|t=董說}}), wrote the book because he wanted to create an opponent—in this case desire—that Sun could not defeat with his great strength and martial skill.{{sfnb|Dong|Wu|2000|p=133}}
==Notable English-language translations==
===Abridged===
* ''[[Monkey (novel)|Monkey: A Folk-Tale of China]]'' (1942), an abridged translation by [[Arthur Waley]]. For many years, this was the most well-known translation available in English. The Waley translation has also been published as ''Adventures of the Monkey God'', ''Monkey to the West'', ''Monkey: Folk Novel of China'', and ''The Adventures of Monkey'', and in a further abridged version for children, ''Dear Monkey''. Waley noted in his preface that the method adopted in earlier abridgements was "to leave the original number of separate episodes, but drastically reduce them in length, particularly by cutting out dialogue. I have for the most part adopted the opposite principle, omitting many episodes, but translating those that are retained almost in full, leaving out, however, most of the incidental passages in verse, which go very badly into English."<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Wu Ch'eng-en |title=Monkey |url=https://archive.org/details/monkey00wuch |url-access=registration |author2=Arthur Waley |translator1=Arthur Waley |orig-year=1942 |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |year=1984 |page=[https://archive.org/details/monkey00wuch/page/7 7]|isbn=9780802130860 }}</ref> The degree of abridgement, 30 out of the 100 chapters (which corresponds to roughly 1/6 of the whole text), and excising most of the verse, has led to a recent critic awarding it the lesser place, as a good ''retelling'' of the story.<ref name=PlaksA>{{Cite journal |author-link=Andrew H. Plaks |last=Plaks |first=Andrew |year=1977 |title=Review: "The Journey to the West" by Anthony C. Yu |journal=MLN |volume=92 |number=5 |pages=1116–1118 |jstor=2906900 |doi=10.2307/2906900}}</ref> On the other hand, it has been praised as "remarkably faithful to the original spirit of the work."<ref>{{Cite book |first=Paul S. |last=Ropp |chapter=The Distinctive Art of Chinese Fiction |title=Heritage of China: Contemporary Perspectives on Chinese Civilisation |url=https://archive.org/details/heritageofchina00atio |url-access=registration |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |date=1990 |page=321 note 12|isbn=9780520064409 }}</ref>
: The literary scholar [[Andrew H. Plaks]] points out that Waley's abridgement reflected his interpretation of the novel as a "folktale"; this "brilliant translation... through its selection of episodes gave rise to the misleading impression that that this is essentially a compendium of popular materials marked by folk wit and humour." Waley followed [[Hu Shih|Hu Shi]]'s lead, as shown in Hu's introduction to the 1943 edition. Hu scorned the allegorical interpretations of the novel as a spiritual as well as physical quest, declaring that they were old-fashioned. He instead insisted that the stories were simply comic. Hu Shi reacted against elaborately allegorical readings of the novel made popular in the Qing dynasty, but does not account for the levels of meaning and the looser allegorical framework which recent scholars in China and the West have shown.{{sfnb|Plaks|1994|pp=274–275}}
*In 2006, an abridged version of the [[Anthony C. Yu]] translation was published by [[University of Chicago Press]] under the title ''The Monkey and the Monk''.
* {{Cite book |last= |first= |translator=Julia Lovell |year=2021 |title=Monkey King: Journey to the West |publisher=Penguin| location=New York |isbn=9780143107187}} [[Julia Lovell]]'s translation of selected chapters into lively contemporary English, with an extensive Introduction by Lovell and a Preface by [[Gene Luen Yang]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Van Fleet |first1=John Darwin |title=Monkey King (Review) |url=https://asianreviewofbooks.com/content/monkey-king-journey-to-the-west-by-wu-chengen-translated-by-julia-lovell/ |website=Asian Review of Books |date=31 January 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021}}</ref>
===Unabridged===
* ''The Journey to the West'' (1977–83), a complete translation in four volumes by [[Anthony C. Yu]], the first to translate the poems and songs which Yu argues are essential in understanding the author's meanings.<ref>[[University of Chicago Press]]: HC {{ISBN|0-226-97145-7}}, {{ISBN|0-226-97146-5}}, {{ISBN|0-226-97147-3}}, {{ISBN|0-226-97148-1}}; PB {{ISBN|0-226-97150-3}}, {{ISBN|0-226-97151-1}}; {{ISBN|0-226-97153-8}}; {{ISBN|0-226-97154-6}}.</ref> Yu also supplied an extensive scholarly introduction and notes.<ref name=Lattimore/>{{sfnb|Plaks|1994|p=283}} In 2012, University of Chicago Press issued a revised edition of Yu's translation in four volumes. In addition to correcting or amending the translation and converting romanisation to pinyin, the new edition updates and augments the annotations, and revises and expands the introduction in respect to new scholarship and modes of interpretation.
* ''Journey to the West'' (1982–84), a complete translation in four volumes by [[William John Francis Jenner]].<ref>Foreign Languages Press Beijing. ({{ISBN|0-8351-1003-6}}, {{ISBN|0-8351-1193-8}}, {{ISBN|0-8351-1364-7}}); 1993 edition in four volumes: {{ISBN|978-7-119-01663-4}}; 2003 edition in six volumes with original Chinese on left page, English translation on right page: {{ISBN|7-119-03216-X}}</ref> Readable translation without scholarly apparatus.{{sfnb|Plaks|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=cUcHvd-KYUUC&q=Jenner 283]}}
==Media adaptations==
{{Main|List of media adaptations of Journey to the West}}
[[File:Havoc in Heaven Peking Opera 12.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Monkey King]] and other [[Mount Huaguo]] monkeys as portrayed by [[Peking opera]] performers, from a performance in [[Tianchan Theatre]], Shanghai, China on 19 December 2014.]]
[[Monkey (TV series)|Saiyūki (西遊記)]] also known by its English title ''Monkey'' and commonly referred to by its title song, "Monkey Magic," is a Japanese television series starring [[Masaaki Sakai]], produced by [[Nippon TV]] and International Television Films in association with [[NHK| NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation)]] and broadcast from 1978 to 1980 on Nippon TV. It was translated into English by the BBC.
In the 1980s, [[China Central Television|China Central Television (CCTV)]] produced and aired a [[Journey to the West (1986 TV series)|TV adaptation of '' Journey to the West'']] under the same name as the original work. A second season was produced in the late 1990s covering portions of the original work that the first season skipped over.
In 1988, Japanese anime ''[[Doraemon]]'' released a movie named ''[[Doraemon: The Record of Nobita's Parallel Visit to the West]]'' which is based on the same story.
In 1997, Brooklyn-based jazz composer [[Fred Ho]] premiered his jazz opera ''Journey To The East'', at the [[Brooklyn Academy of Music]], which he developed into what he described as a "serial fantasy action-adventure music/theater epic," ''Journey Beyond the West: The New Adventures of Monkey''. Ho's pop-culture infused take on the story of the Monkey King has been performed to great acclaim.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
It also made its way to the Mass Electronic Entertainment Media (Reimagined Video game adaptation) in 2009, titled ''[[Enslaved: Odyssey to the West]]'', which was released in October 2010 for [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 3]], and [[Xbox 360]]. It was developed by [[Ninja Theory]] and published by [[Bandai Namco Entertainment]]. The main protagonist 'Monkey' is voice acted by [[Andy Serkis]].
On 20 April 2017, Australia's [[ABC (Australian TV channel)|ABC]], [[Television New Zealand|TVNZ]], and [[Netflix]] announced production was underway in [[New Zealand]] on a new live-action television series, ''[[The New Legends of Monkey]]'', to premiere globally in 2018. The series, which is based on ''Journey to the West'', is made up of 10 half-hour episodes. While there has been enthusiasm for the new series, it has also attracted some criticism for "[[Whitewashing in film|whitewashing]],"<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2017/04/20/monkey-magic-returns-as-filming-begins-on-the-legend-of-monke_a_22047201/|title='Monkey Magic' Returns As Filming Begins On 'The Legend of Monkey' In New Zealand|last=Whitehead|first=Mat|date=20 April 2017|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2017-04-20|language=en-AU}}</ref> since none of the core cast are of Chinese descent, with two of the leads having [[Tonga]]n ancestry<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/tv-shows/the-new-legends-of-monkey-writer-responds-to-whitewashing-accusations/news-story/17574ca219894f4ed92d291c3f7364d9 |title=The New Legends of Monkey writer responds to 'whitewashing' accusations |first=Wenlei |last=Ma |date=26 January 2018 |website=news.com.au}}</ref> while only one, [[Chai Hansen]], is of half-Asian (his father is Thai) descent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5098626/|title=Chai Romruen|website=IMDb|access-date=2017-04-20}}</ref>
More recently in 2017, [[Viki (streaming service)|Viki]] and Netflix hosted a [[South Korea]]n show called ''[[A Korean Odyssey]]''; a modern comedy retelling that begins with the release of Sun Wukong/Son O-Gong and the reincarnation of Tang Sanzang/Samjang.
In August 2020, Game Science Studios announced a video game adaptation called ''[[Black Myth: Wukong]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/black-myth-wukong-announced-consoles-next-gen-pc-gameplay|title = Gorgeous Action-RPG Black Myth: Wukong Revealed with Extended Gameplay Trailer - IGN| date=20 August 2020 }}</ref>
On May 16, 2020, [[The Lego Group]] released the theme, [[Lego Monkie Kid]], to which Journey of the West was credited as the main inspiration, featuring many characters from the original work. 4 days later on May 20, an [[Lego Monkie Kid#Television series|animated television series]] pilot was released to coincide with the theme, and was later picked up for production and released serially starting in September 2020.
== See also ==
{{Portal|China|Novels}}
* ''[[Dragon Ball]]''
* ''[[Dream of the Red Chamber]]''
* ''[[One Piece]]''
* ''[[Enslaved: Odyssey to the West]]''
* ''[[The God of High School]]''
* ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]''
* ''[[Saiyuki (manga)|Saiyuki]]''
* ''[[Starzinger]]''
* ''[[Water Margin]]''
== Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last1=Bhat |first1=R. B. |last2=Wu |first2=C. |year=2014 |title=Xuan Zhang's mission to the West with Monkey King |location=New Delhi |publisher=Aditya Prakashan}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fu |first=James S. |title=Mythic and Comic Aspects of the Quest |location=Singapore: Singapore University Press |year=1977 }}
* {{cite journal |last1 =Gray |first1= Gordon |first2=Jianfen |last2=Wang |authorlink = |title =The Journey to the West: A Platform for Learning About China Past and Present |journal =Education About Asia |volume =24 |issue = 1 |pages= |date =2019 |language = |url =https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/journey-to-the-west/ |jstor = |issn = |doi = |accessdate = }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hsia |first=C.T. |chapter=The Journey to the West |title=The Classic Chinese Novel |url=https://archive.org/details/classicchineseno00hsia |url-access=registration |location=New York: Columbia University Press |year=1968 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/classicchineseno00hsia/page/115 115–164] }}
* {{Cite book |last=Jenner |first=William John Francis |year=1984 |chapter=Translator's Afterword |title=Journey to the West |volume=4 |edition=Seventh |location=Beijing |publisher=Foreign Languages Press |pages=2341–2343}}
* {{Cite magazine |author-link=William John Francis Jenner |last=Jenner |first=William John Francis|author-mask=3 |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/essay/journeys-to-the-east-journey-to-the-west|title=Journeys to the East, 'Journey to the West |magazine=Los Angeles Review of Books |date=3 February 2016 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kao |first=Karl S.Y. |title=An Archetypal Approach to ''Hsi-yu chi'' |journal= Tamkang Review |volume=5 |issue=2 |date=October 1974 |pages=63–98 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Plaks |first=Andrew|author-link= Andrew Plaks |title=The Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel |location=Princeton: Princeton University Press |year=1987 |pages=183–276 }}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Plaks |first=Andrew |author-mask=3|title=The Journey to the West |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Barbara S. |encyclopedia=Masterworks of Asian Literature in Comparative Perspective |location=New York |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=1994 |pages=272–284 }}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |author=Shi Changyu {{lang|zh|石昌渝}} |date=1999 |title=Introduction |translator-last=Jenner |translator-first=William John Francis |encyclopedia=Journey to the West |volume=1 |edition=Seventh |location=Beijing |publisher=Foreign Languages Press |pages=1–22 |ref={{harvid|Shi|1999}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Richard G. |first2=Dongfeng |last2=Xu |title=Three Decades' Reworking on the Monk, the Monkey, and the Fiction of Allegory |journal=The Journal of Religion |volume=96 |issue= 1 |pages=102–121 |date=2016 |doi=10.1086/683988 |s2cid=170097583}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Wasserstrom |first1=Jeffrey |title=Julia Lovell on the Monkey King's Travels Across Borders: A Conversation |url=https://blog.lareviewofbooks.org/interviews/julia-lovell-monkey-kings-travels-across-borders-conversation/ |website=Los Angeles Review of Books |date=10 December 2020 |access-date=18 February 2021}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Yu |first=Anthony C. |title=Two Literary Examples of Religious Pilgrimage: The ''Commedia'' and the ''Journey to the West |journal=History of Religions |volume=22 |issue=3 |date=February 1983 |pages=202–230 |doi=10.1086/462922 |s2cid=161410156 }}
* {{Cite book |author-last=Yu |author-first=Anthony C. |author-mask= 3|chapter=Introduction |title=Journey to the West |volume=1 |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year= 2012 |pages=1–96 }}
==External links==
{{Wikisourcelang|zh|西遊記}}
{{Commons|西遊記}}
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/23962 ''Journey to the West''] from the Gutenberg Project (Traditional Chinese)
* [http://xahlee.org/wordy/monkey_king/monkey_king.html ''Journey to the West''] from Xahlee (Simplified Chinese)
* [http://www.china-on-site.com/pages/comic/1.php Story of Sun Wukong and the beginning of ''Journey to the West''] with [[manhua]]
* [http://www.innerjourneytothewest.com/english/en-resource.html 200 images of ''Journey to the West'' by Chen Huiguan, with a summary of each chapter]
* [https://chinesenotes.com/xiyouji.html ''Journey to the West'' 西遊記] Chinese text with embedded Chinese-English dictionary
{{Journey to the West}}
{{Four Great Classical Novels|100}}
{{Chinese mythology}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Journey to the West| ]]
[[Category:1592 novels]]
[[Category:16th-century Chinese novels]]
[[Category:Books about China]]
[[Category:Books about India]]
[[Category:Buddhist novels]]
[[Category:Chinese classic novels]]
[[Category:Chinese comedy novels]]
[[Category:Chinese fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Chinese novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Chinese novels adapted into television series]]
[[Category:Depictions of Gautama Buddha in literature]]
[[Category:Epic novels]]
[[Category:Literature about pilgrimages]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty literature]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty novels]]
[[Category:Monkeys in popular culture]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into operas]]
[[Category:Novels set in 7th-century Tang dynasty]]
[[Category:Novels set in Xi'an]]
[[Category:Picaresque novels]]
[[Category:Pigs in literature]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage accounts]]
[[Category:Shenmo novels]]
[[Category:Taoism in popular culture]]
[[Category:Works of uncertain authorship]]
[[Category:Works published anonymously]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit ($1) (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|One of China's classic novels}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox book
|name = Journey to the West
|title_orig = 西遊記
|orig_lang_code=zh
| oclc =
| native_wikisource = 西遊記
|dewey=895.1346
|translator =
|image = Evl53201b pic.jpg
|caption = Earliest known edition of the book from the 16th century
|author = [[Wu Cheng'en]]
|country = [[Ming China]]
|language = [[Written vernacular Chinese|Chinese]]
|genre = [[Gods and demons fiction]], [[Chinese mythology]], fantasy, adventure
|release_date = c. 1592 (print){{Sfnb|Yu|2012|p=18}}
|english_release_date =1942 (abridged)<br>1977–1983 (complete)
|set_in=[[China]], 7th century AD
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = ''Journey to the West''
| pic = Xīyóu jì (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap = ''Journey to the West'' in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.5
| t = {{linktext|西遊記}}
| s = 西游记
| l = West Journey Record
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|x|i|1|-|you|2|-|j|i|4}}
| p = Xī Yóu Jì
| lmz = Si yeu ji
| w = Hsi<sup>1</sup>-yu<sup>2</sup> chi<sup>4</sup>
| j = Sai1 jau4 gei3
| y = Sāi yàuh gei
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|s|ai|1|-|j|au|4|-|g|ei|3}}
| tl = {{Zhwb|Se iû kì|Sai iû kì}}
| Tiếng Việt = Tây Du Kí
}}
'''''Journey to the West''''' ({{zh|t= ''Xiyou ji'' 西遊記}}) is a Chinese novel published in the [[16th century]] during the [[Ming dynasty]] and attributed to [[Wu Cheng'en]]. It is regarded as one of the greatest [[Classic Chinese Novels]], and has been described as arguably the most popular literary work in East Asia.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kherdian, David|author-link=David Kherdian|title=Monkey: A Journey to the West|year=2005|pages=7|quote="is probably the most popular book in all of East Asia."}}</ref> [[Arthur Waley]]'s 1942 abridged translation, ''[[Monkey (novel)|Monkey]]'', is known in English-speaking countries.
The novel is an extended account of the legendary pilgrimage of the [[Tang dynasty]] [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monk [[Xuanzang]], who traveled to the "[[Western Regions]]" ([[Central Asia]] and [[India]]) to obtain Buddhist [[sūtra]]s (sacred texts) and returned after many trials and much suffering. The monk is referred to as [[Tang Sanzang]] in the novel. The novel retains the broad outline of Xuanzang's own account, ''[[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions]]'', but adds elements from folk tales and the author's invention: [[Gautama Buddha]] gives this task to the monk and provides him with three protectors who agree to help him as an atonement for their sins. These disciples are the [[Monkey King|Sun Wukong]], [[Zhu Bajie]], and [[Sha Wujing]], together with a [[White Dragon Horse|dragon prince]] who acts as Tang Sanzang's steed, a white horse. The group of pilgrims journey towards enlightenment by the power and virtue of cooperation.
''Journey to the West'' has strong roots in [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Chinese mythology]], [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], [[Taoism|Taoist]] and Buddhist folklore, and the pantheon of [[Taoist immortals]] and Buddhist [[bodhisattva]]s are still reflective of certain Chinese religious attitudes today, while being the inspiration of many modern [[manhwa]], [[manhua]], [[manga]] and [[anime]] series. Enduringly popular,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/monkeying-around-with-the-nobel-prize|title=Monkeying Around with the Nobel Prize: Wu Chen'en's "Journey to the West"|work=[[Los Angeles Review of Books]]|date=13 October 2013|quote=It is a cornerstone text of Eastern fiction: its stature in Asian literary culture may be compared with that of ''The Canterbury Tales'' or ''Don Quixote'' in European letters.}}</ref> the novel is at once a comic adventure story, a humorous [[satire]] of Chinese bureaucracy, a source of spiritual insight, and an extended [[allegory]].
==Authorship==
[[File:JourneytotheWest.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The four protagonists, from left to right: the [[Monkey King]], [[Tang Sanzang]] (on the [[White Dragon Horse]]), [[Zhu Bajie]], and [[Sha Wujing]]]]
The earliest known full-length version of ''Journey to the West'' was published anonymously in 1592, preceded by two briefer versions.{{Sfnb|Yu|2012|pp=17-18}} The question of authorship is further complicated by the fact that a good deal of the novel's material had been published in the form of folk tales.<ref name="jenner"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-10 |title=Journey to the West |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Journey-to-the-West |access-date=2023-05-22 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Anthony C. Yu]], writing in 2012, warned that "this vexing dispute over the novel's authorship, similar to that on the priority of its textual versions, see-sawed back and forth for nearly a century without resolution."{{Sfnb|Yu|2012|p=10}}
[[Hu Shih]], literary scholar, former Chancellor of [[Peking University]], and then Ambassador to the United States, wrote in 1942 that the novel was thought to have been written and published anonymously by [[Wu Cheng'en]]. He reasoned that the people of Wu's hometown attributed it to him early on, and kept records to that effect as early as 1625; thus, claimed Hu, ''Journey to the West'' was one of the earliest Chinese novels for which the authorship is officially documented.<ref name="intro">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Introduction | author=Hu Shih |encyclopedia=[[Monkey (novel)|Monkey]] |editor=Arthur Waley |translator1=Arthur Waley | year=1942 | pages=1–5 | location=New York | publisher=Grove Press}}</ref>
More recent scholarship casts doubts on this attribution. [[Brown University]] Chinese literature scholar David Lattimore stated in 1983: "The Ambassador's confidence was quite unjustified. What the gazetteer says is that Wu wrote something called ''The Journey to the West.'' It mentions nothing about a novel. The work in question could have been any version of our story, or something else entirely."<ref name="Lattimore">{{Cite news|first=David|last=Lattimore|date=6 March 1983|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/06/books/the-complete-monkey.html?pagewanted=all|title=The Complete 'Monkey'|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Translator [[William John Francis Jenner|W. J. F. Jenner]] pointed out that although Wu had knowledge of Chinese bureaucracy and politics, the novel itself does not include any political details that "a fairly well-read commoner could not have known."<ref name="jenner">{{harvnb|Jenner|1984}}</ref>
The overall plot of ''Journey to the West'' was "already a part of Chinese folk and literary tradition in the form of "folk stories with informal language", a poetic [[Novelette (literature)|novelette]], and a six-part [[drama]]" [[Play (theatre)|play]] series, which was transcribed and written down, before the current version was written.<ref name=":0" />
Regardless of the origins and authorship, ''Journey to the West'' has become the authoritative version of these folk stories,<ref name="jenner"/> and Wu's name has become a household name accompanying the book.{{sfnb|Shi|1999}}
==Historical context==
{{Main|Xuanzang}}
[[File:ChinaTrip2005-110.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Big Wild Goose Pagoda]] in [[Xi'an]]]]
[[File:Porcelain pillow from the Guangdong museum in Guangzhou, China.jpeg|thumb|Porcelain pillow showing characters]]
The novel ''Journey to the West'' was based on historical events. [[Xuanzang]] (602–664) was a monk at Jingtu Temple in late-[[Sui dynasty]] and early-[[Tang dynasty]] [[Chang'an]]. Motivated by seeking better translations of Buddhist scripture at the time, Xuanzang left Chang'an in 629, in defiance of [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]]'s ban on travel. Helped by sympathetic Buddhists, he traveled via [[Gansu]] and [[Qinghai]] to [[Kumul (city)|Kumul]] (Hami), thence following the [[Tian Shan]] mountains to [[Turpan]]. He then crossed regions that are today [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Afghanistan]], into [[Gandhara]], in what is today northern [[Pakistan]], in 630. Xuanzang traveled throughout India for the next thirteen years, visiting important Buddhist pilgrimage sites, studying at the ancient university at [[Nalanda]], and debating the rivals of Buddhism.
Xuanzang left India in 643 and arrived back in Chang'an in 646. Although he had defied the imperial travel ban when he left, Xuanzang received a warm welcome from Emperor Taizong upon his return. The emperor provided money and support for Xuanzang's projects. He joined Da Ci'en Monastery (Monastery of Great Maternal Grace), where he led the building of the [[Big Wild Goose Pagoda]] to store the scriptures and icons he had brought back from India. He recorded his journey in the book ''[[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions]]''. With the support of the emperor, he established an institute at Yuhua Gong (Palace of the Luster of Jade) monastery dedicated to translating the scriptures he had brought back. His translation and commentary work established him as the founder of the [[Dharma character school]] of Buddhism. Xuanzang died on 7 March 664. The Xingjiao Monastery was established in 669 to house his ashes.
Popular and story-teller versions of Xuanzang's journey dating as far back as the [[Southern Song dynasty]] include a monkey character as a protagonist.
The supernatural abilities displayed by Wukong and some other characters were widely thought of as "magic powers" at the time of ''Journey to the West''<nowiki/>'s writing<ref name=":0" /> and often translated as such in non-Chinese versions of the book.
==Synopsis==
[[File:Journey.jpg|thumb|upright|18th-century Chinese illustration of a scene from ''Journey to the West'']]
[[File:Xyj-sunwukong.jpg|thumb|An illustrated edition of the story]]
The novel has 100 chapters that can be divided into four unequal parts.
===First Part===
The first part, which includes chapters 1–7, is a self-contained introduction to the main story. It deals entirely with the earlier exploits of [[Monkey King|Sun Wukong]], a monkey born from a stone nourished by the [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Five Elements]], who learns the art of the [[Tao]], 72 polymorphic transformations, combat, and secrets of immortality, and whose guile and force earns him the name ''Qitian Dasheng'' ({{zh|s=齐天大圣|t=齊天大聖}}), or "Great Sage Equal to Heaven." His powers grow to match the forces of all of the Eastern (Taoist) deities, and the prologue culminates in Sun's rebellion against Heaven, during a time when he garnered a post in the [[celestial bureaucracy]]. [[Hubris]] proves his downfall when the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] manages to trap him under a mountain, sealing it with a talisman for five hundred years.
===Second Part===
The second part (chapters 8–12) introduces [[Tang Sanzang]] through his early biography and the background to his great journey. Dismayed that "[[Jambudvīpa#In Buddhism|the land of the South]] (i.e. [[Tang Dynasty|Tang]] China) knows only greed, hedonism, promiscuity, and sins," the Buddha instructs the [[bodhisattva]] [[Avalokiteśvara]] ([[Guanyin]]) to search China for someone to take the Buddhist sutras of "transcendence and persuasion for good will" back. Part of this section also relates to how Tang Sanzang becomes a monk (as well as revealing his past life as a disciple of the Buddha named "Golden Cicada" ({{zh|labels=no|t=金蟬子}} ''Jīn Chánzi'') and comes about being sent on this pilgrimage by [[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Emperor Taizong]], who previously escaped death with the help of an official in the [[Diyu|Underworld]]. In the story, Tang Sanzang is considered an allegorical representation of the human heart.
===Third Part===
The third and longest section of the work is chapters 13–99, an episodic adventure story in which Tang Sanzang sets out to bring back Buddhist scriptures from Leiyin Temple on [[Vulture Peak]] in India, but encounters various evils along the way. The section is set in the sparsely populated lands along the [[Silk Road]] between China and India. The geography described in the book is, however, almost entirely fantasy; once Tang Sanzang departs [[Chang'an]], the Tang capital, and crosses the frontier (somewhere in [[Gansu]] province), he finds himself in a wilderness of deep gorges and tall mountains, inhabited by demons and animal spirits who regard him as a potential meal (since his flesh was believed to give immortality to whoever ate it), with the occasional hidden monastery or royal city-state amidst the harsh setting.
Episodes consist of 1–4 chapters and usually involve Tang Sanzang being captured and having his life threatened while his disciples try to find an ingenious (and often violent) way of liberating him. Although some of Tang Sanzang's predicaments are political and involve ordinary human beings, they more frequently consist of run-ins with various demons, many of whom turn out to be earthly manifestations of heavenly beings (whose sins will be negated by eating the flesh of Tang Sanzang) or animal-spirits with enough Taoist spiritual merit to assume semi-human forms.
Chapters 13–22 do not follow this structure precisely, as they introduce Tang Sanzang's disciples, who, inspired or goaded by [[Guanyin]], meet and agree to serve him along the way in order to atone for their sins in their past lives.
* The first is Sun Wukong, or the [[Monkey King]] (or just "Monkey"), whose given name loosely means "Monkey Awakened to [[Emptiness]] ([[Śūnyatā]])", trapped under a mountain by the Buddha for defying Heaven. He appears right away in chapter 13. The most intelligent, the most powerful, and the most violent of the disciples, he is constantly reproved for his violence by Tang Sanzang. Ultimately, he can only be controlled by a magic gold ring that Guanyin has placed around his head, which causes him unbearable headaches when Tang Sanzang chants the Ring Tightening Mantra. In the story, Sun Wukong is an allegorical representation of the human mind and thought and [[impulse (psychology)|impulse]], and is often nicknamed the "[[Monkey mind]]".
* The second, appearing in chapter 19, is [[Zhu Bajie|Zhu Wuneng / Zhu Bajie]], literally "Pig Awakened to Ability" and "Eight Precepts Pig," sometimes translated as Pigsy or just Pig. He was previously the Marshal of the Heavenly Canopy, a commander of Heaven's naval forces, and was banished to the mortal realm for harassing the moon goddess [[Chang'e]]. A reliable fighter, he is characterized by his insatiable appetites for food and women, and is constantly looking for a way out of his duties, which causes significant conflict with Sun Wukong. In the story, Zhu Bajie is an allegorical representation of base human nature (or the [[Id, ego and super-ego#Id|Id]]).
* The third, appearing in chapter 22, is the river ogre [[Sha Wujing]] (literally "Sand Awakened to Purity"), also known as Friar Sand or Sandy. He was previously the celestial Curtain Lifting General, and was banished to the mortal realm for dropping (and shattering) a crystal goblet of the [[Xi Wangmu|Queen Mother of the West]]. He is a quiet but generally dependable and hard-working character, who serves as the straight foil to the comic relief of Sun and Zhu. In the story, Sha Wujing is an allegorical representation of human obedience and [[conformity]] without thought.
* The fourth is [[White Dragon Horse|Bai Long Ma]] (literally "White Dragon Horse"), the third son of the [[Dragon King of the West Sea]], who was sentenced to death for setting fire to his father's great pearl. He was saved by Guanyin from execution to stay and wait for his call of duty. He has almost no speaking role, as throughout the story he mainly appears as a horse that Tang Sanzang rides on. In the story, the White Dragon Horse is an allegorical representation of the human will.
Chapter 22, where Sha Wujing is introduced, also provides a geographical boundary, as the river that the travelers cross brings them into a new "[[Dvipa|continent]]." Chapters 23–86 take place in the wilderness, and consist of 24 episodes of varying length, each characterized by a different magical monster or evil magician. There are impassibly wide rivers, [[Flaming Mountains|flaming mountains]], a kingdom with an all-female population, a lair of seductive spider spirits, and many other scenarios. Throughout the journey, the four disciples have to fend off attacks on their master and teacher Tang Sanzang from various monsters and calamities.
It is strongly suggested that most of these calamities are engineered by fate and/or the Buddha, as, while the monsters who attack are vast in power and many in number, no real harm ever comes to the four travelers. Some of the monsters turn out to be escaped celestial beasts belonging to bodhisattvas or Taoist sages and deities. Towards the end of the book, there is a scene where the Buddha commands the fulfillment of the last disaster, because Tang Sanzang is one short of the 81 tribulations required before attaining [[Buddhahood]].
In chapter 87, Tang Sanzang finally reaches the borderlands of India, and chapters 87–99 present magical adventures in a somewhat more mundane setting. At length, after a pilgrimage said to have taken fourteen years (the text actually only provides evidence for nine of those years, but presumably there was room to add additional episodes) they arrive at the half-real, half-legendary destination of [[Vulture Peak]], where, in a scene simultaneously mystical and comic, Tang Sanzang receives the scriptures from the living Buddha.
===Fourth part===
Chapter 100, the final chapter, quickly describes the return journey to the Tang Empire, and the aftermath in which each traveller receives a reward in the form of posts in the bureaucracy of the heavens. Sun Wukong and Tang Sanzang both achieve [[Buddhahood]], Sha Wujing becomes an [[arhat]], Bai Long Ma is made a [[nāga]] and Zhu Bajie, whose good deeds have always been tempered by his greed, is promoted to an altar cleanser (i.e. eater of excess offerings at altars).
==Main characters==
{{Further|List of Journey to the West characters}}
===Sun Wukong/Monkey King===
{{Main|Monkey King}}
[[File:Xyj-sun wukong.jpg|thumb|upright|An illustration of Sun Wukong]]
'''Sun Wukong''' ({{zh|labels=no|t=孫悟空}}) (pinyin: sūnwùkōng) is the name given to this character by his teacher, [[Subhuti]], the latter part of which means "[[satori|Awakened]] to [[Shunyata|Emptiness]]" (in the Waley translation, ''Aware-of-Vacuity''); he is often called the "'''Monkey King'''". He is born on [[Flower Fruit Mountain]] from a stone egg that forms from an ancient rock created by the coupling of Heaven and Earth. He first distinguishes himself by bravely entering the [[Shuilian Cave|Water Curtain Cave]] on the mountain; for this feat, his monkey tribe gives him the title of "Handsome Monkey King (美猴王)." After seeing a fellow monkey die because of old age, he decides to travel around the world to seek the [[Tao]], and find a way to be able to live forever. He eventually found the "Grand Master of Bodhi (菩提祖師)," who taught him the 72 heavenly methods of transformation and a "somersault cloud" which allows him to travel 108,000 [[Li (unit)|li]] almost instantaneously. After angering several gods and coming to the attention of the [[Jade Emperor]], he is given a minor position in heaven as the Keeper of Horses (弼馬溫) so they can keep an eye on him. When Sun realizes that he was given the lowest position in heaven and is not considered a full-fledged god, he becomes very angry. Upon returning to his mountain, he puts up a flag and declares himself the "Great Sage Equal to Heaven (齊天大聖)." The Jade Emperor dispatches celestial soldiers to arrest Sun Wukong, but none succeed. The Jade Emperor has no choice but to appoint him to be the guardian of the heavenly peach garden. The different varieties of peach trees in the garden bear fruit every 3,000, 6,000, and 9,000 years, and eating their flesh will bestow immortality and other gifts, so Sun Wukong eats nearly all of the ripe peaches. Later, after fairies who come to collect peaches for [[Xi Wangmu]]'s heavenly peach banquet inform Sun Wukong he is not invited and make fun of him, he once again begins to cause trouble in Heaven, stealing heavenly wine from the peach banquet and eating [[Laozi]]'s pills of immortality. He defeats an army of 100,000 celestial troops, led by the [[Four Heavenly Kings]], [[Erlang Shen]], and [[Nezha]]. Eventually, the Jade Emperor appeals to the [[Amitabha Buddha|Buddha]], who seals Wukong under a mountain called Five Elements Mountain after the latter loses a bet regarding whether he can leap out of the Buddha's hand in a single somersault. Sun Wukong is kept under the mountain for 500 years and cannot escape because of a seal that was placed on the mountain. He is later set free when Tang Sanzang comes upon him during his pilgrimage and accepts him as a disciple.
His [[signature weapon|primary weapon]] is his staff, the "[[Ruyi Jingu Bang]]," which he can shrink down to the size of a needle and keep in his ear, as well as expand it to gigantic proportions. The rod, which weighs {{convert|17550|lbs|kg}}, was originally a pillar supporting the undersea palace of the [[Dragon King of the East Sea]], but he was able to pull it out of its support and can swing it with ease. The Dragon King had told Sun Wukong he could have the staff if he could lift it, but was angry when the monkey was actually able to pull it out and accused him of being a thief. Sun Wukong was insulted, so he demanded a suit of armor and refused to leave until he received one. The Dragon King of the East and the other dragon kings, fearful of Sun wreaking havoc in their domain, gave him a suit of golden armor. These gifts, combined with his devouring of the peaches of immortality, erasing his name from the Book of the Dead, drinking heavenly wine from the Peach Festival, eating [[Laozi]]'s pills of immortality, and being tempered in [[Laozi]]'s [[Bagua (concept)|Eight-Trigram]] Furnace (after which he gained a steel-hard body and fiery golden eyes that could see far into the distance and through any disguise), makes Sun Wukong by far the strongest member of the pilgrimage. Besides these abilities, he can also pluck hairs from his body and blow on them to convert them into whatever he wishes (usually clones of himself to gain a numerical advantage in battle). Furthermore, he is a master of the 72 methods of transformation ({{zh|labels=no|t=七十二变}}),{{efn|Here, these numbers are not assigned limits to Sun Wukong's power, but numbers often used to denote infinity.|name=inf}} and can transform into anything that exists (animate and inanimate).{{efn|name=inf}} Notably, however, Sun cannot fight as well underwater, and often the pilgrimage must rely on Pigsy and Sandy for marine combat. The monkey, nimble and quick-witted, uses these skills to defeat all but the most powerful of demons on the journey.
Sun's behavior is checked by a band placed around his head by [[Guanyin]], which cannot be removed by Sun Wukong himself until the journey's end. Tang Sanzang can tighten this band by chanting the "Ring Tightening Mantra" (taught to him by Guanyin) whenever he needs to chastise him. The spell is referred to by Tang Sanzang's disciples as the "Headache Sutra". Tang Sanzang speaks this mantra quickly in repetition when Sun disobeys him.
Sun Wukong's childlike playfulness and often goofy impulsiveness is in contrast to his cunning mind. This, coupled with his great power, makes him a [[trickster hero]]. His antics present a lighter side in the long and dangerous trip into the unknown.
After completion of the journey, Sun is granted the title of Victorious Fighting Buddha ({{zh|labels=no|s=斗战胜佛|p=dòu zhànshèng fó|c=|t=鬥戰勝佛}}) and ascends to [[Buddhahood]].
===Tang Sanzang/Tripitaka===
{{Main|Tang Sanzang}}
[[File:Xyj-tang seng.jpg|thumb|upright|An illustration of Tang Sanzang]]
The monk '''Tang Sanzang''' ({{zh|labels=no|t=唐三藏}}, meaning "Tripitaka Master of Tang," with ''Tang'' referring to the [[Tang dynasty]] and ''Sanzang'' referring to the [[Tripiṭaka]], the main categories of texts in the Buddhist canon which is also used as an honorific for some Buddhist monks) is a Buddhist monk who had renounced his family to become a monk from childhood. He is just called "'''Tripitaka'''" in many English versions of the story. He set off for [[Tianzhu (India)|Tianzhu]] Kingdom ({{zh|labels=no|t=天竺国}}, an appellation for India in ancient China) to retrieve original [[Buddhist scriptures]] for China. Although he is helpless in defending himself, the [[bodhisattva]], [[Avalokiteśvara]] ([[Guanyin]]), helps by finding him powerful disciples who aid and protect him on his journey. In return, the disciples will receive enlightenment and forgiveness for their sins once the journey is done. Along the way, they help the local inhabitants by defeating various monsters and demons who try to obtain immortality by consuming Tang Sanzang's flesh.
===Zhu Bajie/Pigsy===
{{Main|Zhu Bajie}}
[[File:Xyj-zhu.jpg|thumb|upright|An illustration of Zhu Bajie]]
'''Zhu Bajie''' ({{zh|labels=no|t=豬八戒}}, literally "Pig of the Eight Prohibitions") is also known as '''Zhu Wuneng''' ("Pig Awakened to Power"), and given the name "'''Monk Pig'''", "'''Piggy'''", "'''Pigsy'''", or just simply "'''Pig'''" in English.
Once an immortal who was the Marshal of the Heavenly Canopy commanding 100,000 naval soldiers of the [[Milky Way]], he drank too much during a celebration of the gods and attempted to harass the moon goddess [[Chang'e]], resulting in his banishment to the mortal world. He was supposed to be reborn as a human but ended up in the womb of a sow due to an error on the Reincarnation Wheel, which turned him into a half-man, half-pig [[humanoid]]-pig monster. Zhu Bajie was very greedy, and could not survive without eating ravenously. Staying within the ''Yunzhan Dong'' ("cloud-pathway cave"), he was commissioned by Guanyin to accompany Tang Sanzang to India and given the new name Zhu Wuneng.
However, Zhu Bajie's lust for women led him to the Gao Family Village, where he posed as a handsome young man and helped defeat a group of robbers who tried to abduct a maiden. Eventually, the family agreed to let Zhu Bajie marry the maiden. But during the day of the wedding, he drank too much alcohol and accidentally returned to his original form. Being extremely shocked, the villagers ran away, but Zhu Bajie wanted to keep his bride, so he told the bride's father that if after one month the family still did not agree to let him keep the bride, he would take her by force. He also locked the bride up in a separate building. At this point, Tang Sanzang and Sun Wukong arrived at the Gao Family Village and helped defeat him. Renamed Zhu Bajie by Tang Sanzang, he consequently joined the pilgrimage to the West.
His weapon of choice is the ''jiuchidingpa'' ("[[Rake (tool)|nine-tooth iron rake]]"). He is also capable of 36 transformations and can travel on clouds, but not as fast as Sun Wukong. However, Zhu is noted for his fighting skills in the water, which he used to combat Sha Wujing, who later joined them on the journey. He is the second strongest member of the team.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
Pigsy's lust for women, extreme laziness, and greediness, made his spirituality the lowest in the group, with even the White Dragon Horse achieving more than him, and he remained on Earth and was granted the title "Cleaner of the Altars," with the duty of cleaning every altar at every Buddhist temple for eternity by eating excess offerings.
===Sha Wujing/Sandy===
{{Main|Sha Wujing}}
[[File:Xyj-sha seng.jpg|thumb|upright|An illustration of Shā Wùjìng]]
'''Sha Wujing''' ({{zh|labels=no|t=沙悟淨}}, "Sand Awakened to Purity"), given the name "'''[[Friar]] Sand'''", "'''Sand [[Monk]]'''", "'''[[Sandman]]'''", "'''Sand [[Fairy]]'''", "'''Sand [[Orc]]'''", "'''Sand [[Ogre]]'''", "'''Sand [[Troll]]'''", "'''Sand [[Oni]]'''", "'''Sand [[Demon]]'''", "'''Sand [[Monster]]'''", "'''Sand [[Hulk]]'''", "'''Sand'''", or "'''Sandy'''" in English, was once a celestial Curtain Lifting General, who stood in attendance by the imperial chariot in the Hall of Miraculous Mist. He was exiled to the mortal world and made to look like a sandman, orc, ogre, troll, oni, demon, monster, or hulk because he accidentally smashed a crystal goblet belonging to the [[Xi Wangmu|Queen Mother of the West]] during a Peach Banquet. The now-hideous immortal took up residence in the Flowing Sands River, terrorizing surrounding villages and travelers trying to cross the river. However, he was subdued by Sun Wukong and Zhu Bajie when Tang Sanzang's party came across him. They consequently took him in, as part of the pilgrimage to the West.
Sha Wujing's weapon is a magic wooden staff wrapped in pearly threads, although artwork and adaptations depict him with a [[Monk's spade]] staff. He also knows 18 transformation methods and is highly effective in water combat. He is known to be the most obedient, logical, and polite of the three disciples, and always takes care of his master, seldom engaging in the bickering of his fellow disciples. He has no major faults nor any extraordinary characteristics. Due to this, he is sometimes seen as a minor character. He does however serve as the peacekeeper of the group, mediating between Wukong, Bajie, and even Tang Sanzang and others. He is also the person whom Tang Sanzang consults when faced with difficult decisions.
He eventually becomes an [[arhat]] at the end of the journey, giving him a higher level of exaltation than Zhu Bajie, who is relegated to cleaning altars, but lower spiritually than Sun Wukong and Tang Sanzang, who are granted [[Buddhahood]].
==Sequels==
The brief satirical novel ''[[A Supplement to the Journey to the West|Xiyoubu]]'' ({{zh|labels=no|t=西遊補}}, "A Supplement to the Journey to the West," {{circa|1640}}) follows [[Monkey King|Sun Wukong]] as he is trapped in a magical dream world created by the Qing Fish Demon, the embodiment of desire ({{zh|labels=no|t=情}}, qing). Sun travels back and forth through time, during which he serves as the adjunct [[Yama (Buddhism and Chinese mythology)|King of Hell]] and judges the soul of the recently dead traitor [[Qin Hui]] during the [[Song dynasty]], takes on the appearance of a beautiful concubine and causes the downfall of the [[Qin dynasty]], and even faces [[Pāramitā]], one of his five sons born to the [[rakshasa]] [[Princess Iron Fan]],{{efn|Pāramitā is the only son to make an appearance and to be called by name in the novel. These sons did not originally appear in ''Journey to the West''.}} on the battlefield during the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dong |first1=Yue |translator-first1=Shuen-fu |translator-last1=Lin |translator-first2=Larry James |translator-last2=Schulz |first2=Chengẻn |last2=Wu| title=The Tower of Myriad Mirrors: A Supplement to Journey to the West |series=Michigan classics in Chinese studies |location=Ann Arbor |publisher=Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan |isbn=9780892641420 |year=2000 }}</ref> The events of ''Xiyoubu'' take place between the end of chapter 61 and the beginning of chapter 62 of ''Journey to the West''.{{sfnb|Dong|Wu|2000|p=5}} The author, Dong Yue ({{zh|labels=no|t=董說}}), wrote the book because he wanted to create an opponent—in this case desire—that Sun could not defeat with his great strength and martial skill.{{sfnb|Dong|Wu|2000|p=133}}
==Notable English-language translations==
===Abridged===
* ''[[Monkey (novel)|Monkey: A Folk-Tale of China]]'' (1942), an abridged translation by [[Arthur Waley]]. For many years, this was the most well-known translation available in English. The Waley translation has also been published as ''Adventures of the Monkey God'', ''Monkey to the West'', ''Monkey: Folk Novel of China'', and ''The Adventures of Monkey'', and in a further abridged version for children, ''Dear Monkey''. Waley noted in his preface that the method adopted in earlier abridgements was "to leave the original number of separate episodes, but drastically reduce them in length, particularly by cutting out dialogue. I have for the most part adopted the opposite principle, omitting many episodes, but translating those that are retained almost in full, leaving out, however, most of the incidental passages in verse, which go very badly into English."<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Wu Ch'eng-en |title=Monkey |url=https://archive.org/details/monkey00wuch |url-access=registration |author2=Arthur Waley |translator1=Arthur Waley |orig-year=1942 |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |year=1984 |page=[https://archive.org/details/monkey00wuch/page/7 7]|isbn=9780802130860 }}</ref> The degree of abridgement, 30 out of the 100 chapters (which corresponds to roughly 1/6 of the whole text), and excising most of the verse, has led to a recent critic awarding it the lesser place, as a good ''retelling'' of the story.<ref name=PlaksA>{{Cite journal |author-link=Andrew H. Plaks |last=Plaks |first=Andrew |year=1977 |title=Review: "The Journey to the West" by Anthony C. Yu |journal=MLN |volume=92 |number=5 |pages=1116–1118 |jstor=2906900 |doi=10.2307/2906900}}</ref> On the other hand, it has been praised as "remarkably faithful to the original spirit of the work."<ref>{{Cite book |first=Paul S. |last=Ropp |chapter=The Distinctive Art of Chinese Fiction |title=Heritage of China: Contemporary Perspectives on Chinese Civilisation |url=https://archive.org/details/heritageofchina00atio |url-access=registration |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |date=1990 |page=321 note 12|isbn=9780520064409 }}</ref>
: The literary scholar [[Andrew H. Plaks]] points out that Waley's abridgement reflected his interpretation of the novel as a "folktale"; this "brilliant translation... through its selection of episodes gave rise to the misleading impression that that this is essentially a compendium of popular materials marked by folk wit and humour." Waley followed [[Hu Shih|Hu Shi]]'s lead, as shown in Hu's introduction to the 1943 edition. Hu scorned the allegorical interpretations of the novel as a spiritual as well as physical quest, declaring that they were old-fashioned. He instead insisted that the stories were simply comic. Hu Shi reacted against elaborately allegorical readings of the novel made popular in the Qing dynasty, but does not account for the levels of meaning and the looser allegorical framework which recent scholars in China and the West have shown.{{sfnb|Plaks|1994|pp=274–275}}
*In 2006, an abridged version of the [[Anthony C. Yu]] translation was published by [[University of Chicago Press]] under the title ''The Monkey and the Monk''.
* {{Cite book |last= |first= |translator=Julia Lovell |year=2021 |title=Monkey King: Journey to the West |publisher=Penguin| location=New York |isbn=9780143107187}} [[Julia Lovell]]'s translation of selected chapters into lively contemporary English, with an extensive Introduction by Lovell and a Preface by [[Gene Luen Yang]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Van Fleet |first1=John Darwin |title=Monkey King (Review) |url=https://asianreviewofbooks.com/content/monkey-king-journey-to-the-west-by-wu-chengen-translated-by-julia-lovell/ |website=Asian Review of Books |date=31 January 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021}}</ref>
===Unabridged===
* ''The Journey to the West'' (1977–83), a complete translation in four volumes by [[Anthony C. Yu]], the first to translate the poems and songs which Yu argues are essential in understanding the author's meanings.<ref>[[University of Chicago Press]]: HC {{ISBN|0-226-97145-7}}, {{ISBN|0-226-97146-5}}, {{ISBN|0-226-97147-3}}, {{ISBN|0-226-97148-1}}; PB {{ISBN|0-226-97150-3}}, {{ISBN|0-226-97151-1}}; {{ISBN|0-226-97153-8}}; {{ISBN|0-226-97154-6}}.</ref> Yu also supplied an extensive scholarly introduction and notes.<ref name=Lattimore/>{{sfnb|Plaks|1994|p=283}} In 2012, University of Chicago Press issued a revised edition of Yu's translation in four volumes. In addition to correcting or amending the translation and converting romanisation to pinyin, the new edition updates and augments the annotations, and revises and expands the introduction in respect to new scholarship and modes of interpretation.
* ''Journey to the West'' (1982–84), a complete translation in four volumes by [[William John Francis Jenner]].<ref>Foreign Languages Press Beijing. ({{ISBN|0-8351-1003-6}}, {{ISBN|0-8351-1193-8}}, {{ISBN|0-8351-1364-7}}); 1993 edition in four volumes: {{ISBN|978-7-119-01663-4}}; 2003 edition in six volumes with original Chinese on left page, English translation on right page: {{ISBN|7-119-03216-X}}</ref> Readable translation without scholarly apparatus.{{sfnb|Plaks|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=cUcHvd-KYUUC&q=Jenner 283]}}
==Media adaptations==
{{Main|List of media adaptations of Journey to the West}}
[[File:Havoc in Heaven Peking Opera 12.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Monkey King]] and other [[Mount Huaguo]] monkeys as portrayed by [[Peking opera]] performers, from a performance in [[Tianchan Theatre]], Shanghai, China on 19 December 2014.]]
[[Monkey (TV series)|Saiyūki (西遊記)]] also known by its English title ''Monkey'' and commonly referred to by its title song, "Monkey Magic," is a Japanese television series starring [[Masaaki Sakai]], produced by [[Nippon TV]] and International Television Films in association with [[NHK| NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation)]] and broadcast from 1978 to 1980 on Nippon TV. It was translated into English by the BBC.
In the 1980s, [[China Central Television|China Central Television (CCTV)]] produced and aired a [[Journey to the West (1986 TV series)|TV adaptation of '' Journey to the West'']] under the same name as the original work. A second season was produced in the late 1990s covering portions of the original work that the first season skipped over.
In 1988, Japanese anime ''[[Doraemon]]'' released a movie named ''[[Doraemon: The Record of Nobita's Parallel Visit to the West]]'' which is based on the same story.
In 1997, Brooklyn-based jazz composer [[Fred Ho]] premiered his jazz opera ''Journey To The East'', at the [[Brooklyn Academy of Music]], which he developed into what he described as a "serial fantasy action-adventure music/theater epic," ''Journey Beyond the West: The New Adventures of Monkey''. Ho's pop-culture infused take on the story of the Monkey King has been performed to great acclaim.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
It also made its way to the Mass Electronic Entertainment Media (Reimagined Video game adaptation) in 2009, titled ''[[Enslaved: Odyssey to the West]]'', which was released in October 2010 for [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 3]], and [[Xbox 360]]. It was developed by [[Ninja Theory]] and published by [[Bandai Namco Entertainment]]. The main protagonist 'Monkey' is voice acted by [[Andy Serkis]].
On 20 April 2017, Australia's [[ABC (Australian TV channel)|ABC]], [[Television New Zealand|TVNZ]], and [[Netflix]] announced production was underway in [[New Zealand]] on a new live-action television series, ''[[The New Legends of Monkey]]'', to premiere globally in 2018. The series, which is based on ''Journey to the West'', is made up of 10 half-hour episodes. While there has been enthusiasm for the new series, it has also attracted some criticism for "[[Whitewashing in film|whitewashing]],"<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2017/04/20/monkey-magic-returns-as-filming-begins-on-the-legend-of-monke_a_22047201/|title='Monkey Magic' Returns As Filming Begins On 'The Legend of Monkey' In New Zealand|last=Whitehead|first=Mat|date=20 April 2017|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2017-04-20|language=en-AU}}</ref> since none of the core cast are of Chinese descent, with two of the leads having [[Tonga]]n ancestry<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/tv-shows/the-new-legends-of-monkey-writer-responds-to-whitewashing-accusations/news-story/17574ca219894f4ed92d291c3f7364d9 |title=The New Legends of Monkey writer responds to 'whitewashing' accusations |first=Wenlei |last=Ma |date=26 January 2018 |website=news.com.au}}</ref> while only one, [[Chai Hansen]], is of half-Asian (his father is Thai) descent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5098626/|title=Chai Romruen|website=IMDb|access-date=2017-04-20}}</ref>
More recently in 2017, [[Viki (streaming service)|Viki]] and Netflix hosted a [[South Korea]]n show called ''[[A Korean Odyssey]]''; a modern comedy retelling that begins with the release of Sun Wukong/Son O-Gong and the reincarnation of Tang Sanzang/Samjang.
In August 2020, Game Science Studios announced a video game adaptation called ''[[Black Myth: Wukong]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/black-myth-wukong-announced-consoles-next-gen-pc-gameplay|title = Gorgeous Action-RPG Black Myth: Wukong Revealed with Extended Gameplay Trailer - IGN| date=20 August 2020 }}</ref>
On May 16, 2020, [[The Lego Group]] released the theme, [[Lego Monkie Kid]], to which Journey of the West was credited as the main inspiration, featuring many characters from the original work. 4 days later on May 20, an [[Lego Monkie Kid#Television series|animated television series]] pilot was released to coincide with the theme, and was later picked up for production and released serially starting in September 2020.
== See also ==
{{Portal|China|Novels}}
* ''[[Dragon Ball]]''
* ''[[Dream of the Red Chamber]]''
* ''[[One Piece]]''
* ''[[Enslaved: Odyssey to the West]]''
* ''[[The God of High School]]''
* ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]''
* ''[[Saiyuki (manga)|Saiyuki]]''
* ''[[Starzinger]]''
* ''[[Water Margin]]''
== Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last1=Bhat |first1=R. B. |last2=Wu |first2=C. |year=2014 |title=Xuan Zhang's mission to the West with Monkey King |location=New Delhi |publisher=Aditya Prakashan}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fu |first=James S. |title=Mythic and Comic Aspects of the Quest |location=Singapore: Singapore University Press |year=1977 }}
* {{cite journal |last1 =Gray |first1= Gordon |first2=Jianfen |last2=Wang |authorlink = |title =The Journey to the West: A Platform for Learning About China Past and Present |journal =Education About Asia |volume =24 |issue = 1 |pages= |date =2019 |language = |url =https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/journey-to-the-west/ |jstor = |issn = |doi = |accessdate = }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hsia |first=C.T. |chapter=The Journey to the West |title=The Classic Chinese Novel |url=https://archive.org/details/classicchineseno00hsia |url-access=registration |location=New York: Columbia University Press |year=1968 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/classicchineseno00hsia/page/115 115–164] }}
* {{Cite book |last=Jenner |first=William John Francis |year=1984 |chapter=Translator's Afterword |title=Journey to the West |volume=4 |edition=Seventh |location=Beijing |publisher=Foreign Languages Press |pages=2341–2343}}
* {{Cite magazine |author-link=William John Francis Jenner |last=Jenner |first=William John Francis|author-mask=3 |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/essay/journeys-to-the-east-journey-to-the-west|title=Journeys to the East, 'Journey to the West |magazine=Los Angeles Review of Books |date=3 February 2016 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kao |first=Karl S.Y. |title=An Archetypal Approach to ''Hsi-yu chi'' |journal= Tamkang Review |volume=5 |issue=2 |date=October 1974 |pages=63–98 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Plaks |first=Andrew|author-link= Andrew Plaks |title=The Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel |location=Princeton: Princeton University Press |year=1987 |pages=183–276 }}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Plaks |first=Andrew |author-mask=3|title=The Journey to the West |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Barbara S. |encyclopedia=Masterworks of Asian Literature in Comparative Perspective |location=New York |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=1994 |pages=272–284 }}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |author=Shi Changyu {{lang|zh|石昌渝}} |date=1999 |title=Introduction |translator-last=Jenner |translator-first=William John Francis |encyclopedia=Journey to the West |volume=1 |edition=Seventh |location=Beijing |publisher=Foreign Languages Press |pages=1–22 |ref={{harvid|Shi|1999}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Richard G. |first2=Dongfeng |last2=Xu |title=Three Decades' Reworking on the Monk, the Monkey, and the Fiction of Allegory |journal=The Journal of Religion |volume=96 |issue= 1 |pages=102–121 |date=2016 |doi=10.1086/683988 |s2cid=170097583}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Wasserstrom |first1=Jeffrey |title=Julia Lovell on the Monkey King's Travels Across Borders: A Conversation |url=https://blog.lareviewofbooks.org/interviews/julia-lovell-monkey-kings-travels-across-borders-conversation/ |website=Los Angeles Review of Books |date=10 December 2020 |access-date=18 February 2021}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Yu |first=Anthony C. |title=Two Literary Examples of Religious Pilgrimage: The ''Commedia'' and the ''Journey to the West |journal=History of Religions |volume=22 |issue=3 |date=February 1983 |pages=202–230 |doi=10.1086/462922 |s2cid=161410156 }}
* {{Cite book |author-last=Yu |author-first=Anthony C. |author-mask= 3|chapter=Introduction |title=Journey to the West |volume=1 |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year= 2012 |pages=1–96 }}
==External links==
{{Wikisourcelang|zh|西遊記}}
{{Commons|西遊記}}
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/23962 ''Journey to the West''] from the Gutenberg Project (Traditional Chinese)
* [http://xahlee.org/wordy/monkey_king/monkey_king.html ''Journey to the West''] from Xahlee (Simplified Chinese)
* [http://www.china-on-site.com/pages/comic/1.php Story of Sun Wukong and the beginning of ''Journey to the West''] with [[manhua]]
* [http://www.innerjourneytothewest.com/english/en-resource.html 200 images of ''Journey to the West'' by Chen Huiguan, with a summary of each chapter]
* [https://chinesenotes.com/xiyouji.html ''Journey to the West'' 西遊記] Chinese text with embedded Chinese-English dictionary
{{Journey to the West}}
{{Four Great Classical Novels|100}}
{{Chinese mythology}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Journey to the West| ]]
[[Category:1592 novels]]
[[Category:16th-century Chinese novels]]
[[Category:Books about China]]
[[Category:Books about India]]
[[Category:Buddhist novels]]
[[Category:Chinese classic novels]]
[[Category:Chinese comedy novels]]
[[Category:Chinese fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Chinese novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Chinese novels adapted into television series]]
[[Category:Depictions of Gautama Buddha in literature]]
[[Category:Epic novels]]
[[Category:Literature about pilgrimages]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty literature]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty novels]]
[[Category:Monkeys in popular culture]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into operas]]
[[Category:Novels set in 7th-century Tang dynasty]]
[[Category:Novels set in Xi'an]]
[[Category:Picaresque novels]]
[[Category:Pigs in literature]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage accounts]]
[[Category:Shenmo novels]]
[[Category:Taoism in popular culture]]
[[Category:Works of uncertain authorship]]
[[Category:Works published anonymously]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision ($1) (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">One of China's classic novels</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Journey to the West (disambiguation)">Journey to the West (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Journey to the West <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+to+the+West&rft.author=%5B%5BWu+Cheng%27en%5D%5D&rft.date=c.+1592+%28print%29"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Evl53201b_pic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Evl53201b_pic.jpg/220px-Evl53201b_pic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Evl53201b_pic.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Earliest known edition of the book from the 16th century</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng%27en" title="Wu Cheng'en">Wu Cheng'en</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh" style="font-style: normal;">西遊記</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ming_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming China">Ming China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Gods and demons fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a>, fantasy, adventure</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Set in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, 7th century AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1592 (print)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYu201218_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu201218-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Published in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1942 (abridged)<br />1977–1983 (complete)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">895.1346</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Original text</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E8%A5%BF%E9%81%8A%E8%A8%98" class="extiw" title="s:zh:西遊記">西遊記</a></span></span> at Chinese <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#b0c4de"><i>Journey to the West</i></th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Frameless"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=X%C4%ABy%C3%B3u_j%C3%AC_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="new" title="File:Xīyóu jì (Chinese characters).svg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media">File:Xīyóu jì (Chinese characters).svg</span></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Journey to the West</i> in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%81%8A%E8%A8%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:西遊記">西遊記</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">西游记</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">West Journey Record</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Xī Yóu Jì</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hsi<sup>1</sup>-yu<sup>2</sup> chi<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɕí jǒʊ tɕî]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a><br />Romanization</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Si yeu ji</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Sāi yàuh gei</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Sai1 jau4 gei3</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[sɐi˥ jɐu˩ kei˧]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Se iû kì (<a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">col.</a>)<br />Sai iû kì (<a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">lit.</a>)</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><i><b>Journey to the West</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><i>Xiyou ji</i> 西遊記</span>) is a Chinese novel published in the <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> and attributed to <a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng%27en" title="Wu Cheng'en">Wu Cheng'en</a>. It is regarded as one of the greatest <a href="/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Classic Chinese Novels">Classic Chinese Novels</a>, and has been described as arguably the most popular literary work in East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Waley" title="Arthur Waley">Arthur Waley</a>'s 1942 abridged translation, <i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_(novel)" title="Monkey (novel)">Monkey</a></i>, is known in English-speaking countries.
</p><p>The novel is an extended account of the legendary pilgrimage of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> monk <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>, who traveled to the "<a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>) to obtain Buddhist <a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sūtra">sūtras</a> (sacred texts) and returned after many trials and much suffering. The monk is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Tang_Sanzang" title="Tang Sanzang">Tang Sanzang</a> in the novel. The novel retains the broad outline of Xuanzang's own account, <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Tang_Records_on_the_Western_Regions" title="Great Tang Records on the Western Regions">Great Tang Records on the Western Regions</a></i>, but adds elements from folk tales and the author's invention: <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> gives this task to the monk and provides him with three protectors who agree to help him as an atonement for their sins. These disciples are the <a href="/wiki/Monkey_King" title="Monkey King">Sun Wukong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Bajie" title="Zhu Bajie">Zhu Bajie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sha_Wujing" title="Sha Wujing">Sha Wujing</a>, together with a <a href="/wiki/White_Dragon_Horse" title="White Dragon Horse">dragon prince</a> who acts as Tang Sanzang's steed, a white horse. The group of pilgrims journey towards enlightenment by the power and virtue of cooperation.
</p><p><i>Journey to the West</i> has strong roots in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> and Buddhist folklore, and the pantheon of <a href="/wiki/Taoist_immortals" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist immortals">Taoist immortals</a> and Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a> are still reflective of certain Chinese religious attitudes today, while being the inspiration of many modern <a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">manhwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">manhua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> series. Enduringly popular,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> the novel is at once a comic adventure story, a humorous <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a> of Chinese bureaucracy, a source of spiritual insight, and an extended <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Authorship"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Authorship</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Historical_context"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Historical context</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Synopsis"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Synopsis</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#First_Part"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">First Part</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Second_Part"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Second Part</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Third_Part"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Third Part</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Fourth_part"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Fourth part</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Main_characters"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Main characters</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Sun_Wukong/Monkey_King"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sun Wukong/Monkey King</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Tang_Sanzang/Tripitaka"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Tang Sanzang/Tripitaka</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Zhu_Bajie/Pigsy"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Zhu Bajie/Pigsy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Sha_Wujing/Sandy"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sha Wujing/Sandy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Sequels"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Sequels</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Notable_English-language_translations"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notable English-language translations</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Abridged"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Abridged</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Unabridged"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Unabridged</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Media_adaptations"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Media adaptations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Explanatory_notes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Explanatory notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Authorship">Authorship</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JourneytotheWest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/JourneytotheWest.jpg/260px-JourneytotheWest.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/JourneytotheWest.jpg/390px-JourneytotheWest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/JourneytotheWest.jpg/520px-JourneytotheWest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>The four protagonists, from left to right: the <a href="/wiki/Monkey_King" title="Monkey King">Monkey King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tang_Sanzang" title="Tang Sanzang">Tang Sanzang</a> (on the <a href="/wiki/White_Dragon_Horse" title="White Dragon Horse">White Dragon Horse</a>), <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Bajie" title="Zhu Bajie">Zhu Bajie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sha_Wujing" title="Sha Wujing">Sha Wujing</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The earliest known full-length version of <i>Journey to the West</i> was published anonymously in 1592, preceded by two briefer versions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYu201217–18_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu201217–18-4">[4]</a></sup> The question of authorship is further complicated by the fact that a good deal of the novel's material had been published in the form of folk tales.<sup id="cite_ref-jenner_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenner-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_C._Yu" title="Anthony C. Yu">Anthony C. Yu</a>, writing in 2012, warned that "this vexing dispute over the novel's authorship, similar to that on the priority of its textual versions, see-sawed back and forth for nearly a century without resolution."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYu201210_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu201210-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a>, literary scholar, former Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>, and then Ambassador to the United States, wrote in 1942 that the novel was thought to have been written and published anonymously by <a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng%27en" title="Wu Cheng'en">Wu Cheng'en</a>. He reasoned that the people of Wu's hometown attributed it to him early on, and kept records to that effect as early as 1625; thus, claimed Hu, <i>Journey to the West</i> was one of the earliest Chinese novels for which the authorship is officially documented.<sup id="cite_ref-intro_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intro-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>More recent scholarship casts doubts on this attribution. <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> Chinese literature scholar David Lattimore stated in 1983: "The Ambassador's confidence was quite unjustified. What the gazetteer says is that Wu wrote something called <i>The Journey to the West.</i> It mentions nothing about a novel. The work in question could have been any version of our story, or something else entirely."<sup id="cite_ref-Lattimore_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lattimore-9">[9]</a></sup> Translator <a href="/wiki/William_John_Francis_Jenner" title="William John Francis Jenner">W. J. F. Jenner</a> pointed out that although Wu had knowledge of Chinese bureaucracy and politics, the novel itself does not include any political details that "a fairly well-read commoner could not have known."<sup id="cite_ref-jenner_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenner-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>The overall plot of <i>Journey to the West</i> was "already a part of Chinese folk and literary tradition in the form of "folk stories with informal language", a poetic <a href="/wiki/Novelette_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelette (literature)">novelette</a>, and a six-part <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>" <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">play</a> series, which was transcribed and written down, before the current version was written.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Regardless of the origins and authorship, <i>Journey to the West</i> has become the authoritative version of these folk stories,<sup id="cite_ref-jenner_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenner-5">[5]</a></sup> and Wu's name has become a household name accompanying the book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShi1999_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShi1999-10">[10]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_context">Historical context</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChinaTrip2005-110.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/ChinaTrip2005-110.jpg/170px-ChinaTrip2005-110.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/ChinaTrip2005-110.jpg/255px-ChinaTrip2005-110.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/ChinaTrip2005-110.jpg/340px-ChinaTrip2005-110.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Big_Wild_Goose_Pagoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Wild Goose Pagoda">Big Wild Goose Pagoda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porcelain_pillow_from_the_Guangdong_museum_in_Guangzhou,_China.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Porcelain_pillow_from_the_Guangdong_museum_in_Guangzhou%2C_China.jpeg/220px-Porcelain_pillow_from_the_Guangdong_museum_in_Guangzhou%2C_China.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Porcelain_pillow_from_the_Guangdong_museum_in_Guangzhou%2C_China.jpeg/330px-Porcelain_pillow_from_the_Guangdong_museum_in_Guangzhou%2C_China.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Porcelain_pillow_from_the_Guangdong_museum_in_Guangzhou%2C_China.jpeg/440px-Porcelain_pillow_from_the_Guangdong_museum_in_Guangzhou%2C_China.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Porcelain pillow showing characters</figcaption></figure>
<p>The novel <i>Journey to the West</i> was based on historical events. <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> (602–664) was a monk at Jingtu Temple in late-<a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> and early-<a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>. Motivated by seeking better translations of Buddhist scripture at the time, Xuanzang left Chang'an in 629, in defiance of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong of Tang</a>'s ban on travel. Helped by sympathetic Buddhists, he traveled via <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kumul_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumul (city)">Kumul</a> (Hami), thence following the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> mountains to <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a>. He then crossed regions that are today <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, into <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, in what is today northern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, in 630. Xuanzang traveled throughout India for the next thirteen years, visiting important Buddhist pilgrimage sites, studying at the ancient university at <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>, and debating the rivals of Buddhism.
</p><p>Xuanzang left India in 643 and arrived back in Chang'an in 646. Although he had defied the imperial travel ban when he left, Xuanzang received a warm welcome from Emperor Taizong upon his return. The emperor provided money and support for Xuanzang's projects. He joined Da Ci'en Monastery (Monastery of Great Maternal Grace), where he led the building of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Wild_Goose_Pagoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Wild Goose Pagoda">Big Wild Goose Pagoda</a> to store the scriptures and icons he had brought back from India. He recorded his journey in the book <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Tang_Records_on_the_Western_Regions" title="Great Tang Records on the Western Regions">Great Tang Records on the Western Regions</a></i>. With the support of the emperor, he established an institute at Yuhua Gong (Palace of the Luster of Jade) monastery dedicated to translating the scriptures he had brought back. His translation and commentary work established him as the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Dharma_character_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma character school">Dharma character school</a> of Buddhism. Xuanzang died on 7 March 664. The Xingjiao Monastery was established in 669 to house his ashes.
</p><p>Popular and story-teller versions of Xuanzang's journey dating as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a> include a monkey character as a protagonist.
</p><p>The supernatural abilities displayed by Wukong and some other characters were widely thought of as "magic powers" at the time of <i>Journey to the West</i>'s writing<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a></sup> and often translated as such in non-Chinese versions of the book.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Synopsis">Synopsis</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Journey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Journey.jpg/170px-Journey.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Journey.jpg/255px-Journey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Journey.jpg/340px-Journey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>18th-century Chinese illustration of a scene from <i>Journey to the West</i></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xyj-sunwukong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Xyj-sunwukong.jpg/220px-Xyj-sunwukong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Xyj-sunwukong.jpg/330px-Xyj-sunwukong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Xyj-sunwukong.jpg/440px-Xyj-sunwukong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>An illustrated edition of the story</figcaption></figure>
<p>The novel has 100 chapters that can be divided into four unequal parts.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="First_Part">First Part</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The first part, which includes chapters 1–7, is a self-contained introduction to the main story. It deals entirely with the earlier exploits of <a href="/wiki/Monkey_King" title="Monkey King">Sun Wukong</a>, a monkey born from a stone nourished by the <a href="/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)">Five Elements</a>, who learns the art of the <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a>, 72 polymorphic transformations, combat, and secrets of immortality, and whose guile and force earns him the name <i>Qitian Dasheng</i> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">齐天大圣</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">齊天大聖</span>), or "Great Sage Equal to Heaven." His powers grow to match the forces of all of the Eastern (Taoist) deities, and the prologue culminates in Sun's rebellion against Heaven, during a time when he garnered a post in the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_bureaucracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial bureaucracy">celestial bureaucracy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Hubris</a> proves his downfall when the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> manages to trap him under a mountain, sealing it with a talisman for five hundred years.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Second_Part">Second Part</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The second part (chapters 8–12) introduces <a href="/wiki/Tang_Sanzang" title="Tang Sanzang">Tang Sanzang</a> through his early biography and the background to his great journey. Dismayed that "<a href="/wiki/Jambudv%C4%ABpa#In_Buddhism" title="Jambudvīpa">the land of the South</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Tang_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang Dynasty">Tang</a> China) knows only greed, hedonism, promiscuity, and sins," the Buddha instructs the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a>) to search China for someone to take the Buddhist sutras of "transcendence and persuasion for good will" back. Part of this section also relates to how Tang Sanzang becomes a monk (as well as revealing his past life as a disciple of the Buddha named "Golden Cicada" (<span lang="zh-Hant">金蟬子</span> <i>Jīn Chánzi</i>) and comes about being sent on this pilgrimage by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong</a>, who previously escaped death with the help of an official in the <a href="/wiki/Diyu" title="Diyu">Underworld</a>. In the story, Tang Sanzang is considered an allegorical representation of the human heart.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Third_Part">Third Part</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The third and longest section of the work is chapters 13–99, an episodic adventure story in which Tang Sanzang sets out to bring back Buddhist scriptures from Leiyin Temple on <a href="/wiki/Vulture_Peak" title="Vulture Peak">Vulture Peak</a> in India, but encounters various evils along the way. The section is set in the sparsely populated lands along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> between China and India. The geography described in the book is, however, almost entirely fantasy; once Tang Sanzang departs <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, the Tang capital, and crosses the frontier (somewhere in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> province), he finds himself in a wilderness of deep gorges and tall mountains, inhabited by demons and animal spirits who regard him as a potential meal (since his flesh was believed to give immortality to whoever ate it), with the occasional hidden monastery or royal city-state amidst the harsh setting.
</p><p>Episodes consist of 1–4 chapters and usually involve Tang Sanzang being captured and having his life threatened while his disciples try to find an ingenious (and often violent) way of liberating him. Although some of Tang Sanzang's predicaments are political and involve ordinary human beings, they more frequently consist of run-ins with various demons, many of whom turn out to be earthly manifestations of heavenly beings (whose sins will be negated by eating the flesh of Tang Sanzang) or animal-spirits with enough Taoist spiritual merit to assume semi-human forms.
</p><p>Chapters 13–22 do not follow this structure precisely, as they introduce Tang Sanzang's disciples, who, inspired or goaded by <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a>, meet and agree to serve him along the way in order to atone for their sins in their past lives.
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<ul><li>The first is Sun Wukong, or the <a href="/wiki/Monkey_King" title="Monkey King">Monkey King</a> (or just "Monkey"), whose given name loosely means "Monkey Awakened to <a href="/wiki/Emptiness" title="Emptiness">Emptiness</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a>)", trapped under a mountain by the Buddha for defying Heaven. He appears right away in chapter 13. The most intelligent, the most powerful, and the most violent of the disciples, he is constantly reproved for his violence by Tang Sanzang. Ultimately, he can only be controlled by a magic gold ring that Guanyin has placed around his head, which causes him unbearable headaches when Tang Sanzang chants the Ring Tightening Mantra. In the story, Sun Wukong is an allegorical representation of the human mind and thought and <a href="/wiki/Impulse_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulse (psychology)">impulse</a>, and is often nicknamed the "<a href="/wiki/Monkey_mind" title="Monkey mind">Monkey mind</a>".</li>
<li>The second, appearing in chapter 19, is <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Bajie" title="Zhu Bajie">Zhu Wuneng / Zhu Bajie</a>, literally "Pig Awakened to Ability" and "Eight Precepts Pig," sometimes translated as Pigsy or just Pig. He was previously the Marshal of the Heavenly Canopy, a commander of Heaven's naval forces, and was banished to the mortal realm for harassing the moon goddess <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e" title="Chang'e">Chang'e</a>. A reliable fighter, he is characterized by his insatiable appetites for food and women, and is constantly looking for a way out of his duties, which causes significant conflict with Sun Wukong. In the story, Zhu Bajie is an allegorical representation of base human nature (or the <a href="/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-ego#Id" class="mw-redirect" title="Id, ego and super-ego">Id</a>).</li>
<li>The third, appearing in chapter 22, is the river ogre <a href="/wiki/Sha_Wujing" title="Sha Wujing">Sha Wujing</a> (literally "Sand Awakened to Purity"), also known as Friar Sand or Sandy. He was previously the celestial Curtain Lifting General, and was banished to the mortal realm for dropping (and shattering) a crystal goblet of the <a href="/wiki/Xi_Wangmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Wangmu">Queen Mother of the West</a>. He is a quiet but generally dependable and hard-working character, who serves as the straight foil to the comic relief of Sun and Zhu. In the story, Sha Wujing is an allegorical representation of human obedience and <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a> without thought.</li>
<li>The fourth is <a href="/wiki/White_Dragon_Horse" title="White Dragon Horse">Bai Long Ma</a> (literally "White Dragon Horse"), the third son of the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_King_of_the_West_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon King of the West Sea">Dragon King of the West Sea</a>, who was sentenced to death for setting fire to his father's great pearl. He was saved by Guanyin from execution to stay and wait for his call of duty. He has almost no speaking role, as throughout the story he mainly appears as a horse that Tang Sanzang rides on. In the story, the White Dragon Horse is an allegorical representation of the human will.</li></ul>
<p>Chapter 22, where Sha Wujing is introduced, also provides a geographical boundary, as the river that the travelers cross brings them into a new "<a href="/wiki/Dvipa" title="Dvipa">continent</a>." Chapters 23–86 take place in the wilderness, and consist of 24 episodes of varying length, each characterized by a different magical monster or evil magician. There are impassibly wide rivers, <a href="/wiki/Flaming_Mountains" title="Flaming Mountains">flaming mountains</a>, a kingdom with an all-female population, a lair of seductive spider spirits, and many other scenarios. Throughout the journey, the four disciples have to fend off attacks on their master and teacher Tang Sanzang from various monsters and calamities.
</p><p>It is strongly suggested that most of these calamities are engineered by fate and/or the Buddha, as, while the monsters who attack are vast in power and many in number, no real harm ever comes to the four travelers. Some of the monsters turn out to be escaped celestial beasts belonging to bodhisattvas or Taoist sages and deities. Towards the end of the book, there is a scene where the Buddha commands the fulfillment of the last disaster, because Tang Sanzang is one short of the 81 tribulations required before attaining <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a>.
</p><p>In chapter 87, Tang Sanzang finally reaches the borderlands of India, and chapters 87–99 present magical adventures in a somewhat more mundane setting. At length, after a pilgrimage said to have taken fourteen years (the text actually only provides evidence for nine of those years, but presumably there was room to add additional episodes) they arrive at the half-real, half-legendary destination of <a href="/wiki/Vulture_Peak" title="Vulture Peak">Vulture Peak</a>, where, in a scene simultaneously mystical and comic, Tang Sanzang receives the scriptures from the living Buddha.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Fourth_part">Fourth part</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Chapter 100, the final chapter, quickly describes the return journey to the Tang Empire, and the aftermath in which each traveller receives a reward in the form of posts in the bureaucracy of the heavens. Sun Wukong and Tang Sanzang both achieve <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a>, Sha Wujing becomes an <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arhat</a>, Bai Long Ma is made a <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">nāga</a> and Zhu Bajie, whose good deeds have always been tempered by his greed, is promoted to an altar cleanser (i.e. eater of excess offerings at altars).
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Main_characters">Main characters</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Journey_to_the_West_characters" title="List of Journey to the West characters">List of Journey to the West characters</a></div>
<h3><span id="Sun_Wukong.2FMonkey_King"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Sun_Wukong/Monkey_King">Sun Wukong/Monkey King</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monkey_King" title="Monkey King">Monkey King</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xyj-sun_wukong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Xyj-sun_wukong.jpg/170px-Xyj-sun_wukong.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Xyj-sun_wukong.jpg/255px-Xyj-sun_wukong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Xyj-sun_wukong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of Sun Wukong</figcaption></figure>
<p><b>Sun Wukong</b> (<span lang="zh-Hant">孫悟空</span>) (pinyin: sūnwùkōng) is the name given to this character by his teacher, <a href="/wiki/Subhuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhuti">Subhuti</a>, the latter part of which means "<a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">Awakened</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">Emptiness</a>" (in the Waley translation, <i>Aware-of-Vacuity</i>); he is often called the "<b>Monkey King</b>". He is born on <a href="/wiki/Flower_Fruit_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Flower Fruit Mountain">Flower Fruit Mountain</a> from a stone egg that forms from an ancient rock created by the coupling of Heaven and Earth. He first distinguishes himself by bravely entering the <a href="/wiki/Shuilian_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuilian Cave">Water Curtain Cave</a> on the mountain; for this feat, his monkey tribe gives him the title of "Handsome Monkey King (美猴王)." After seeing a fellow monkey die because of old age, he decides to travel around the world to seek the <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a>, and find a way to be able to live forever. He eventually found the "Grand Master of Bodhi (菩提祖師)," who taught him the 72 heavenly methods of transformation and a "somersault cloud" which allows him to travel 108,000 <a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">li</a> almost instantaneously. After angering several gods and coming to the attention of the <a href="/wiki/Jade_Emperor" title="Jade Emperor">Jade Emperor</a>, he is given a minor position in heaven as the Keeper of Horses (弼馬溫) so they can keep an eye on him. When Sun realizes that he was given the lowest position in heaven and is not considered a full-fledged god, he becomes very angry. Upon returning to his mountain, he puts up a flag and declares himself the "Great Sage Equal to Heaven (齊天大聖)." The Jade Emperor dispatches celestial soldiers to arrest Sun Wukong, but none succeed. The Jade Emperor has no choice but to appoint him to be the guardian of the heavenly peach garden. The different varieties of peach trees in the garden bear fruit every 3,000, 6,000, and 9,000 years, and eating their flesh will bestow immortality and other gifts, so Sun Wukong eats nearly all of the ripe peaches. Later, after fairies who come to collect peaches for <a href="/wiki/Xi_Wangmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Wangmu">Xi Wangmu</a>'s heavenly peach banquet inform Sun Wukong he is not invited and make fun of him, he once again begins to cause trouble in Heaven, stealing heavenly wine from the peach banquet and eating <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a>'s pills of immortality. He defeats an army of 100,000 celestial troops, led by the <a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings" title="Four Heavenly Kings">Four Heavenly Kings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erlang_Shen" title="Erlang Shen">Erlang Shen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nezha" title="Nezha">Nezha</a>. Eventually, the Jade Emperor appeals to the <a href="/wiki/Amitabha_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitabha Buddha">Buddha</a>, who seals Wukong under a mountain called Five Elements Mountain after the latter loses a bet regarding whether he can leap out of the Buddha's hand in a single somersault. Sun Wukong is kept under the mountain for 500 years and cannot escape because of a seal that was placed on the mountain. He is later set free when Tang Sanzang comes upon him during his pilgrimage and accepts him as a disciple.
</p><p>His <a href="/wiki/Signature_weapon" title="Signature weapon">primary weapon</a> is his staff, the "<a href="/wiki/Ruyi_Jingu_Bang" title="Ruyi Jingu Bang">Ruyi Jingu Bang</a>," which he can shrink down to the size of a needle and keep in his ear, as well as expand it to gigantic proportions. The rod, which weighs 17,550 pounds (7,960 kg), was originally a pillar supporting the undersea palace of the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_King_of_the_East_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon King of the East Sea">Dragon King of the East Sea</a>, but he was able to pull it out of its support and can swing it with ease. The Dragon King had told Sun Wukong he could have the staff if he could lift it, but was angry when the monkey was actually able to pull it out and accused him of being a thief. Sun Wukong was insulted, so he demanded a suit of armor and refused to leave until he received one. The Dragon King of the East and the other dragon kings, fearful of Sun wreaking havoc in their domain, gave him a suit of golden armor. These gifts, combined with his devouring of the peaches of immortality, erasing his name from the Book of the Dead, drinking heavenly wine from the Peach Festival, eating <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a>'s pills of immortality, and being tempered in <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bagua_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagua (concept)">Eight-Trigram</a> Furnace (after which he gained a steel-hard body and fiery golden eyes that could see far into the distance and through any disguise), makes Sun Wukong by far the strongest member of the pilgrimage. Besides these abilities, he can also pluck hairs from his body and blow on them to convert them into whatever he wishes (usually clones of himself to gain a numerical advantage in battle). Furthermore, he is a master of the 72 methods of transformation (<span lang="zh-Hant">七十二变</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-inf_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inf-11">[a]</a></sup> and can transform into anything that exists (animate and inanimate).<sup id="cite_ref-inf_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inf-11">[a]</a></sup> Notably, however, Sun cannot fight as well underwater, and often the pilgrimage must rely on Pigsy and Sandy for marine combat. The monkey, nimble and quick-witted, uses these skills to defeat all but the most powerful of demons on the journey.
</p><p>Sun's behavior is checked by a band placed around his head by <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a>, which cannot be removed by Sun Wukong himself until the journey's end. Tang Sanzang can tighten this band by chanting the "Ring Tightening Mantra" (taught to him by Guanyin) whenever he needs to chastise him. The spell is referred to by Tang Sanzang's disciples as the "Headache Sutra". Tang Sanzang speaks this mantra quickly in repetition when Sun disobeys him.
</p><p>Sun Wukong's childlike playfulness and often goofy impulsiveness is in contrast to his cunning mind. This, coupled with his great power, makes him a <a href="/wiki/Trickster_hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Trickster hero">trickster hero</a>. His antics present a lighter side in the long and dangerous trip into the unknown.
</p><p>After completion of the journey, Sun is granted the title of Victorious Fighting Buddha (<span lang="zh-Hans">斗战胜佛</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">鬥戰勝佛</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">dòu zhànshèng fó</span></i>) and ascends to <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a>.
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<h3><span id="Tang_Sanzang.2FTripitaka"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Tang_Sanzang/Tripitaka">Tang Sanzang/Tripitaka</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xyj-tang_seng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Xyj-tang_seng.jpg/170px-Xyj-tang_seng.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Xyj-tang_seng.jpg/255px-Xyj-tang_seng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Xyj-tang_seng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of Tang Sanzang</figcaption></figure>
<p>The monk <b>Tang Sanzang</b> (<span lang="zh-Hant">唐三藏</span>, meaning "Tripitaka Master of Tang," with <i>Tang</i> referring to the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> and <i>Sanzang</i> referring to the <a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a>, the main categories of texts in the Buddhist canon which is also used as an honorific for some Buddhist monks) is a Buddhist monk who had renounced his family to become a monk from childhood. He is just called "<b>Tripitaka</b>" in many English versions of the story. He set off for <a href="/wiki/Tianzhu_(India)" title="Tianzhu (India)">Tianzhu</a> Kingdom (<span lang="zh-Hant">天竺国</span>, an appellation for India in ancient China) to retrieve original <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist scriptures">Buddhist scriptures</a> for China. Although he is helpless in defending himself, the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a>), helps by finding him powerful disciples who aid and protect him on his journey. In return, the disciples will receive enlightenment and forgiveness for their sins once the journey is done. Along the way, they help the local inhabitants by defeating various monsters and demons who try to obtain immortality by consuming Tang Sanzang's flesh.
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<h3><span id="Zhu_Bajie.2FPigsy"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Zhu_Bajie/Pigsy">Zhu Bajie/Pigsy</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Bajie" title="Zhu Bajie">Zhu Bajie</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xyj-zhu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Xyj-zhu.jpg/170px-Xyj-zhu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Xyj-zhu.jpg/255px-Xyj-zhu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Xyj-zhu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of Zhu Bajie</figcaption></figure>
<p><b>Zhu Bajie</b> (<span lang="zh-Hant">豬八戒</span>, literally "Pig of the Eight Prohibitions") is also known as <b>Zhu Wuneng</b> ("Pig Awakened to Power"), and given the name "<b>Monk Pig</b>", "<b>Piggy</b>", "<b>Pigsy</b>", or just simply "<b>Pig</b>" in English.
</p><p>Once an immortal who was the Marshal of the Heavenly Canopy commanding 100,000 naval soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>, he drank too much during a celebration of the gods and attempted to harass the moon goddess <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e" title="Chang'e">Chang'e</a>, resulting in his banishment to the mortal world. He was supposed to be reborn as a human but ended up in the womb of a sow due to an error on the Reincarnation Wheel, which turned him into a half-man, half-pig <a href="/wiki/Humanoid" title="Humanoid">humanoid</a>-pig monster. Zhu Bajie was very greedy, and could not survive without eating ravenously. Staying within the <i>Yunzhan Dong</i> ("cloud-pathway cave"), he was commissioned by Guanyin to accompany Tang Sanzang to India and given the new name Zhu Wuneng.
</p><p>However, Zhu Bajie's lust for women led him to the Gao Family Village, where he posed as a handsome young man and helped defeat a group of robbers who tried to abduct a maiden. Eventually, the family agreed to let Zhu Bajie marry the maiden. But during the day of the wedding, he drank too much alcohol and accidentally returned to his original form. Being extremely shocked, the villagers ran away, but Zhu Bajie wanted to keep his bride, so he told the bride's father that if after one month the family still did not agree to let him keep the bride, he would take her by force. He also locked the bride up in a separate building. At this point, Tang Sanzang and Sun Wukong arrived at the Gao Family Village and helped defeat him. Renamed Zhu Bajie by Tang Sanzang, he consequently joined the pilgrimage to the West.
</p><p>His weapon of choice is the <i>jiuchidingpa</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Rake_(tool)" title="Rake (tool)">nine-tooth iron rake</a>"). He is also capable of 36 transformations and can travel on clouds, but not as fast as Sun Wukong. However, Zhu is noted for his fighting skills in the water, which he used to combat Sha Wujing, who later joined them on the journey. He is the second strongest member of the team.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Pigsy's lust for women, extreme laziness, and greediness, made his spirituality the lowest in the group, with even the White Dragon Horse achieving more than him, and he remained on Earth and was granted the title "Cleaner of the Altars," with the duty of cleaning every altar at every Buddhist temple for eternity by eating excess offerings.
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<h3><span id="Sha_Wujing.2FSandy"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Sha_Wujing/Sandy">Sha Wujing/Sandy</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sha_Wujing" title="Sha Wujing">Sha Wujing</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xyj-sha_seng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Xyj-sha_seng.jpg/170px-Xyj-sha_seng.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Xyj-sha_seng.jpg/255px-Xyj-sha_seng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Xyj-sha_seng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of Shā Wùjìng</figcaption></figure>
<p><b>Sha Wujing</b> (<span lang="zh-Hant">沙悟淨</span>, "Sand Awakened to Purity"), given the name "<b><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a> Sand</b>", "<b>Sand <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></b>", "<b><a href="/wiki/Sandman" title="Sandman">Sandman</a></b>", "<b>Sand <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Fairy</a></b>", "<b>Sand <a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orc</a></b>", "<b>Sand <a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogre</a></b>", "<b>Sand <a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a></b>", "<b>Sand <a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></b>", "<b>Sand <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demon</a></b>", "<b>Sand <a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monster</a></b>", "<b>Sand <a href="/wiki/Hulk" title="Hulk">Hulk</a></b>", "<b>Sand</b>", or "<b>Sandy</b>" in English, was once a celestial Curtain Lifting General, who stood in attendance by the imperial chariot in the Hall of Miraculous Mist. He was exiled to the mortal world and made to look like a sandman, orc, ogre, troll, oni, demon, monster, or hulk because he accidentally smashed a crystal goblet belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Xi_Wangmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Wangmu">Queen Mother of the West</a> during a Peach Banquet. The now-hideous immortal took up residence in the Flowing Sands River, terrorizing surrounding villages and travelers trying to cross the river. However, he was subdued by Sun Wukong and Zhu Bajie when Tang Sanzang's party came across him. They consequently took him in, as part of the pilgrimage to the West.
</p><p>Sha Wujing's weapon is a magic wooden staff wrapped in pearly threads, although artwork and adaptations depict him with a <a href="/wiki/Monk%27s_spade" title="Monk's spade">Monk's spade</a> staff. He also knows 18 transformation methods and is highly effective in water combat. He is known to be the most obedient, logical, and polite of the three disciples, and always takes care of his master, seldom engaging in the bickering of his fellow disciples. He has no major faults nor any extraordinary characteristics. Due to this, he is sometimes seen as a minor character. He does however serve as the peacekeeper of the group, mediating between Wukong, Bajie, and even Tang Sanzang and others. He is also the person whom Tang Sanzang consults when faced with difficult decisions.
</p><p>He eventually becomes an <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arhat</a> at the end of the journey, giving him a higher level of exaltation than Zhu Bajie, who is relegated to cleaning altars, but lower spiritually than Sun Wukong and Tang Sanzang, who are granted <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a>.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sequels">Sequels</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The brief satirical novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Supplement_to_the_Journey_to_the_West" title="A Supplement to the Journey to the West">Xiyoubu</a></i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">西遊補</span>, "A Supplement to the Journey to the West," <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1640</span>) follows <a href="/wiki/Monkey_King" title="Monkey King">Sun Wukong</a> as he is trapped in a magical dream world created by the Qing Fish Demon, the embodiment of desire (<span lang="zh-Hant">情</span>, qing). Sun travels back and forth through time, during which he serves as the adjunct <a href="/wiki/Yama_(Buddhism_and_Chinese_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama (Buddhism and Chinese mythology)">King of Hell</a> and judges the soul of the recently dead traitor <a href="/wiki/Qin_Hui" title="Qin Hui">Qin Hui</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, takes on the appearance of a beautiful concubine and causes the downfall of the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>, and even faces <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a>, one of his five sons born to the <a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">rakshasa</a> <a href="/wiki/Princess_Iron_Fan" title="Princess Iron Fan">Princess Iron Fan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[b]</a></sup> on the battlefield during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a></sup> The events of <i>Xiyoubu</i> take place between the end of chapter 61 and the beginning of chapter 62 of <i>Journey to the West</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDongWu20005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDongWu20005-14">[12]</a></sup> The author, Dong Yue (<span lang="zh-Hant">董說</span>), wrote the book because he wanted to create an opponent—in this case desire—that Sun could not defeat with his great strength and martial skill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDongWu2000133_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDongWu2000133-15">[13]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_English-language_translations">Notable English-language translations</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Abridged">Abridged</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_(novel)" title="Monkey (novel)">Monkey: A Folk-Tale of China</a></i> (1942), an abridged translation by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Waley" title="Arthur Waley">Arthur Waley</a>. For many years, this was the most well-known translation available in English. The Waley translation has also been published as <i>Adventures of the Monkey God</i>, <i>Monkey to the West</i>, <i>Monkey: Folk Novel of China</i>, and <i>The Adventures of Monkey</i>, and in a further abridged version for children, <i>Dear Monkey</i>. Waley noted in his preface that the method adopted in earlier abridgements was "to leave the original number of separate episodes, but drastically reduce them in length, particularly by cutting out dialogue. I have for the most part adopted the opposite principle, omitting many episodes, but translating those that are retained almost in full, leaving out, however, most of the incidental passages in verse, which go very badly into English."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a></sup> The degree of abridgement, 30 out of the 100 chapters (which corresponds to roughly 1/6 of the whole text), and excising most of the verse, has led to a recent critic awarding it the lesser place, as a good <i>retelling</i> of the story.<sup id="cite_ref-PlaksA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlaksA-17">[15]</a></sup> On the other hand, it has been praised as "remarkably faithful to the original spirit of the work."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a></sup></li></ul>
<dl><dd>The literary scholar <a href="/wiki/Andrew_H._Plaks" title="Andrew H. Plaks">Andrew H. Plaks</a> points out that Waley's abridgement reflected his interpretation of the novel as a "folktale"; this "brilliant translation... through its selection of episodes gave rise to the misleading impression that that this is essentially a compendium of popular materials marked by folk wit and humour." Waley followed <a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shi</a>'s lead, as shown in Hu's introduction to the 1943 edition. Hu scorned the allegorical interpretations of the novel as a spiritual as well as physical quest, declaring that they were old-fashioned. He instead insisted that the stories were simply comic. Hu Shi reacted against elaborately allegorical readings of the novel made popular in the Qing dynasty, but does not account for the levels of meaning and the looser allegorical framework which recent scholars in China and the West have shown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaks1994274–275_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaks1994274–275-19">[17]</a></sup></dd></dl>
<ul><li>In 2006, an abridged version of the <a href="/wiki/Anthony_C._Yu" title="Anthony C. Yu">Anthony C. Yu</a> translation was published by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> under the title <i>The Monkey and the Monk</i>.</li>
<li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Monkey King: Journey to the West</i>. Translated by Julia Lovell. New York: Penguin. 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143107187" title="Special:BookSources/9780143107187"><bdi>9780143107187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monkey+King%3A+Journey+to+the+West&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780143107187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/Julia_Lovell" title="Julia Lovell">Julia Lovell</a>'s translation of selected chapters into lively contemporary English, with an extensive Introduction by Lovell and a Preface by <a href="/wiki/Gene_Luen_Yang" title="Gene Luen Yang">Gene Luen Yang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Unabridged">Unabridged</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><i>The Journey to the West</i> (1977–83), a complete translation in four volumes by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_C._Yu" title="Anthony C. Yu">Anthony C. Yu</a>, the first to translate the poems and songs which Yu argues are essential in understanding the author's meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a></sup> Yu also supplied an extensive scholarly introduction and notes.<sup id="cite_ref-Lattimore_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lattimore-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaks1994283_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaks1994283-22">[20]</a></sup> In 2012, University of Chicago Press issued a revised edition of Yu's translation in four volumes. In addition to correcting or amending the translation and converting romanisation to pinyin, the new edition updates and augments the annotations, and revises and expands the introduction in respect to new scholarship and modes of interpretation.</li>
<li><i>Journey to the West</i> (1982–84), a complete translation in four volumes by <a href="/wiki/William_John_Francis_Jenner" title="William John Francis Jenner">William John Francis Jenner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a></sup> Readable translation without scholarly apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaks1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcUcHvd-KYUUCqJenner_283]_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaks1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcUcHvd-KYUUCqJenner_283]-24">[22]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Media_adaptations">Media adaptations</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_media_adaptations_of_Journey_to_the_West" title="List of media adaptations of Journey to the West">List of media adaptations of Journey to the West</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Havoc_in_Heaven_Peking_Opera_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Havoc_in_Heaven_Peking_Opera_12.jpg/220px-Havoc_in_Heaven_Peking_Opera_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Havoc_in_Heaven_Peking_Opera_12.jpg/330px-Havoc_in_Heaven_Peking_Opera_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Havoc_in_Heaven_Peking_Opera_12.jpg/440px-Havoc_in_Heaven_Peking_Opera_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Monkey_King" title="Monkey King">Monkey King</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Mount_Huaguo" title="Mount Huaguo">Mount Huaguo</a> monkeys as portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Peking opera</a> performers, from a performance in <a href="/wiki/Tianchan_Theatre" title="Tianchan Theatre">Tianchan Theatre</a>, Shanghai, China on 19 December 2014.</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/wiki/Monkey_(TV_series)" title="Monkey (TV series)">Saiyūki (西遊記)</a> also known by its English title <i>Monkey</i> and commonly referred to by its title song, "Monkey Magic," is a Japanese television series starring <a href="/wiki/Masaaki_Sakai" title="Masaaki Sakai">Masaaki Sakai</a>, produced by <a href="/wiki/Nippon_TV" title="Nippon TV">Nippon TV</a> and International Television Films in association with <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK"> NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation)</a> and broadcast from 1978 to 1980 on Nippon TV. It was translated into English by the BBC.
</p><p>In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television (CCTV)</a> produced and aired a <a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West_(1986_TV_series)" title="Journey to the West (1986 TV series)">TV adaptation of <i> Journey to the West</i></a> under the same name as the original work. A second season was produced in the late 1990s covering portions of the original work that the first season skipped over.
</p><p>In 1988, Japanese anime <i><a href="/wiki/Doraemon" title="Doraemon">Doraemon</a></i> released a movie named <i><a href="/wiki/Doraemon:_The_Record_of_Nobita%27s_Parallel_Visit_to_the_West" title="Doraemon: The Record of Nobita's Parallel Visit to the West">Doraemon: The Record of Nobita's Parallel Visit to the West</a></i> which is based on the same story.
</p><p>In 1997, Brooklyn-based jazz composer <a href="/wiki/Fred_Ho" title="Fred Ho">Fred Ho</a> premiered his jazz opera <i>Journey To The East</i>, at the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a>, which he developed into what he described as a "serial fantasy action-adventure music/theater epic," <i>Journey Beyond the West: The New Adventures of Monkey</i>. Ho's pop-culture infused take on the story of the Monkey King has been performed to great acclaim.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>It also made its way to the Mass Electronic Entertainment Media (Reimagined Video game adaptation) in 2009, titled <i><a href="/wiki/Enslaved:_Odyssey_to_the_West" title="Enslaved: Odyssey to the West">Enslaved: Odyssey to the West</a></i>, which was released in October 2010 for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a>. It was developed by <a href="/wiki/Ninja_Theory" title="Ninja Theory">Ninja Theory</a> and published by <a href="/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Entertainment" title="Bandai Namco Entertainment">Bandai Namco Entertainment</a>. The main protagonist 'Monkey' is voice acted by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Serkis" title="Andy Serkis">Andy Serkis</a>.
</p><p>On 20 April 2017, Australia's <a href="/wiki/ABC_(Australian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC (Australian TV channel)">ABC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Television New Zealand">TVNZ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> announced production was underway in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> on a new live-action television series, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Legends_of_Monkey" title="The New Legends of Monkey">The New Legends of Monkey</a></i>, to premiere globally in 2018. The series, which is based on <i>Journey to the West</i>, is made up of 10 half-hour episodes. While there has been enthusiasm for the new series, it has also attracted some criticism for "<a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_in_film" title="Whitewashing in film">whitewashing</a>,"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></sup> since none of the core cast are of Chinese descent, with two of the leads having <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tongan</a> ancestry<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a></sup> while only one, <a href="/wiki/Chai_Hansen" title="Chai Hansen">Chai Hansen</a>, is of half-Asian (his father is Thai) descent.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>More recently in 2017, <a href="/wiki/Viki_(streaming_service)" title="Viki (streaming service)">Viki</a> and Netflix hosted a <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korean</a> show called <i><a href="/wiki/A_Korean_Odyssey" title="A Korean Odyssey">A Korean Odyssey</a></i>; a modern comedy retelling that begins with the release of Sun Wukong/Son O-Gong and the reincarnation of Tang Sanzang/Samjang.
</p><p>In August 2020, Game Science Studios announced a video game adaptation called <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Myth:_Wukong" title="Black Myth: Wukong">Black Myth: Wukong</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>On May 16, 2020, <a href="/wiki/The_Lego_Group" title="The Lego Group">The Lego Group</a> released the theme, <a href="/wiki/Lego_Monkie_Kid" title="Lego Monkie Kid">Lego Monkie Kid</a>, to which Journey of the West was credited as the main inspiration, featuring many characters from the original work. 4 days later on May 20, an <a href="/wiki/Lego_Monkie_Kid#Television_series" title="Lego Monkie Kid">animated television series</a> pilot was released to coincide with the theme, and was later picked up for production and released serially starting in September 2020.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-inf-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inf_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inf_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Here, these numbers are not assigned limits to Sun Wukong's power, but numbers often used to denote infinity.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pāramitā is the only son to make an appearance and to be called by name in the novel. These sons did not originally appear in <i>Journey to the West</i>.</span>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu201218-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYu201218_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYu2012">Yu (2012)</a>, p. 18.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKherdian,_David2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kherdian" title="David Kherdian">Kherdian, David</a> (2005). <i>Monkey: A Journey to the West</i>. p. 7. <q>is probably the most popular book in all of East Asia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monkey%3A+A+Journey+to+the+West&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Kherdian%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/monkeying-around-with-the-nobel-prize">"Monkeying Around with the Nobel Prize: Wu Chen'en's "Journey to the West"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Review_of_Books" title="Los Angeles Review of Books">Los Angeles Review of Books</a></i>. 13 October 2013. <q>It is a cornerstone text of Eastern fiction: its stature in Asian literary culture may be compared with that of <i>The Canterbury Tales</i> or <i>Don Quixote</i> in European letters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Monkeying+Around+with+the+Nobel+Prize%3A+Wu+Chen%27en%27s+%22Journey+to+the+West%22&rft.date=2013-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flareviewofbooks.org%2Farticle%2Fmonkeying-around-with-the-nobel-prize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu201217–18-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYu201217–18_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYu2012">Yu (2012)</a>, pp. 17–18.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-jenner-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jenner_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenner_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenner_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJenner1984">Jenner 1984</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Journey-to-the-West">"Journey to the West"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. 10 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journey+to+the+West&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FJourney-to-the-West&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu201210-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYu201210_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYu2012">Yu (2012)</a>, p. 10.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-intro-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-intro_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHu_Shih1942" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hu Shih (1942). "Introduction". In Arthur Waley (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_(novel)" title="Monkey (novel)">Monkey</a></i>. Translated by Arthur Waley. New York: Grove Press. pp. 1–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Monkey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-5&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1942&rft.au=Hu+Shih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lattimore-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lattimore_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lattimore_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLattimore1983" class="citation news cs1">Lattimore, David (6 March 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/06/books/the-complete-monkey.html?pagewanted=all">"The Complete 'Monkey'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Complete+%27Monkey%27&rft.date=1983-03-06&rft.aulast=Lattimore&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F03%2F06%2Fbooks%2Fthe-complete-monkey.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShi1999-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShi1999_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShi1999">Shi (1999)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDongWu2000" class="citation book cs1">Dong, Yue; Wu, Chengẻn (2000). <i>The Tower of Myriad Mirrors: A Supplement to Journey to the West</i>. Michigan classics in Chinese studies. Translated by Lin, Shuen-fu; Schulz, Larry James. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892641420" title="Special:BookSources/9780892641420"><bdi>9780892641420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tower+of+Myriad+Mirrors%3A+A+Supplement+to+Journey+to+the+West&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.series=Michigan+classics+in+Chinese+studies&rft.pub=Center+for+Chinese+Studies%2C+The+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780892641420&rft.aulast=Dong&rft.aufirst=Yue&rft.au=Wu%2C+Cheng%E1%BA%BBn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDongWu20005-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDongWu20005_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDongWu2000">Dong & Wu (2000)</a>, p. 5.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDongWu2000133-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDongWu2000133_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDongWu2000">Dong & Wu (2000)</a>, p. 133.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWu_Ch'eng-enArthur_Waley1984" class="citation book cs1">Wu Ch'eng-en; Arthur Waley (1984) [1942]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monkey00wuch"><i>Monkey</i></a></span>. Translated by Arthur Waley. New York: Grove Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monkey00wuch/page/7">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802130860" title="Special:BookSources/9780802130860"><bdi>9780802130860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monkey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780802130860&rft.au=Wu+Ch%27eng-en&rft.au=Arthur+Waley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmonkey00wuch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PlaksA-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PlaksA_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPlaks1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_H._Plaks" title="Andrew H. Plaks">Plaks, Andrew</a> (1977). "Review: "The Journey to the West" by Anthony C. Yu". <i>MLN</i>. <b>92</b> (5): 1116–1118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2906900">10.2307/2906900</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2906900">2906900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MLN&rft.atitle=Review%3A+%22The+Journey+to+the+West%22+by+Anthony+C.+Yu&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1116-1118&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2906900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2906900%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Plaks&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRopp1990" class="citation book cs1">Ropp, Paul S. (1990). "The Distinctive Art of Chinese Fiction". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heritageofchina00atio"><i>Heritage of China: Contemporary Perspectives on Chinese Civilisation</i></a></span>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 321 note 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520064409" title="Special:BookSources/9780520064409"><bdi>9780520064409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Distinctive+Art+of+Chinese+Fiction&rft.btitle=Heritage+of+China%3A+Contemporary+Perspectives+on+Chinese+Civilisation&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=321+note+12&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780520064409&rft.aulast=Ropp&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheritageofchina00atio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaks1994274–275-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaks1994274–275_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaks1994">Plaks (1994)</a>, pp. 274–275.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Fleet2021" class="citation web cs1">Van Fleet, John Darwin (31 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asianreviewofbooks.com/content/monkey-king-journey-to-the-west-by-wu-chengen-translated-by-julia-lovell/">"Monkey King (Review)"</a>. <i>Asian Review of Books</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asian+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Monkey+King+%28Review%29&rft.date=2021-01-31&rft.aulast=Van+Fleet&rft.aufirst=John+Darwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasianreviewofbooks.com%2Fcontent%2Fmonkey-king-journey-to-the-west-by-wu-chengen-translated-by-julia-lovell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>: HC <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-97145-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-97145-7">0-226-97145-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-97146-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-97146-5">0-226-97146-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-97147-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-97147-3">0-226-97147-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-97148-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-97148-1">0-226-97148-1</a>; PB <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-97150-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-97150-3">0-226-97150-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-97151-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-97151-1">0-226-97151-1</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-97153-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-97153-8">0-226-97153-8</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-97154-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-97154-6">0-226-97154-6</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaks1994283-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaks1994283_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaks1994">Plaks (1994)</a>, p. 283.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foreign Languages Press Beijing. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8351-1003-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8351-1003-6">0-8351-1003-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8351-1193-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8351-1193-8">0-8351-1193-8</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8351-1364-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8351-1364-7">0-8351-1364-7</a>); 1993 edition in four volumes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-119-01663-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-119-01663-4">978-7-119-01663-4</a>; 2003 edition in six volumes with original Chinese on left page, English translation on right page: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-119-03216-X" title="Special:BookSources/7-119-03216-X">7-119-03216-X</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaks1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcUcHvd-KYUUCqJenner_283]-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaks1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcUcHvd-KYUUCqJenner_283]_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaks1994">Plaks (1994)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cUcHvd-KYUUC&q=Jenner">283</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehead2017" class="citation news cs1">Whitehead, Mat (20 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2017/04/20/monkey-magic-returns-as-filming-begins-on-the-legend-of-monke_a_22047201/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Monkey Magic' Returns As Filming Begins On 'The Legend of Monkey' In New Zealand"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Monkey+Magic%27+Returns+As+Filming+Begins+On+%27The+Legend+of+Monkey%27+In+New+Zealand&rft.date=2017-04-20&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=Mat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com.au%2F2017%2F04%2F20%2Fmonkey-magic-returns-as-filming-begins-on-the-legend-of-monke_a_22047201%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMa2018" class="citation news cs1">Ma, Wenlei (26 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/tv-shows/the-new-legends-of-monkey-writer-responds-to-whitewashing-accusations/news-story/17574ca219894f4ed92d291c3f7364d9">"The New Legends of Monkey writer responds to 'whitewashing' accusations"</a>. <i>news.com.au</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=news.com.au&rft.atitle=The+New+Legends+of+Monkey+writer+responds+to+%27whitewashing%27+accusations&rft.date=2018-01-26&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Wenlei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fentertainment%2Ftv%2Ftv-shows%2Fthe-new-legends-of-monkey-writer-responds-to-whitewashing-accusations%2Fnews-story%2F17574ca219894f4ed92d291c3f7364d9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5098626/">"Chai Romruen"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Chai+Romruen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm5098626%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ign.com/articles/black-myth-wukong-announced-consoles-next-gen-pc-gameplay">"Gorgeous Action-RPG Black Myth: Wukong Revealed with Extended Gameplay Trailer - IGN"</a>. 20 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gorgeous+Action-RPG+Black+Myth%3A+Wukong+Revealed+with+Extended+Gameplay+Trailer+-+IGN&rft.date=2020-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2Fblack-myth-wukong-announced-consoles-next-gen-pc-gameplay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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</h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBhatWu2014" class="citation book cs1">Bhat, R. B.; Wu, C. (2014). <i>Xuan Zhang's mission to the West with Monkey King</i>. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xuan+Zhang%27s+mission+to+the+West+with+Monkey+King&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Aditya+Prakashan&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bhat&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rft.au=Wu%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFu1977" class="citation book cs1">Fu, James S. (1977). <i>Mythic and Comic Aspects of the Quest</i>. Singapore: Singapore University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythic+and+Comic+Aspects+of+the+Quest&rft.place=Singapore%3A+Singapore+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Fu&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGrayWang2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, Gordon; Wang, Jianfen (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/journey-to-the-west/">"The Journey to the West: A Platform for Learning About China Past and Present"</a>. <i>Education About Asia</i>. <b>24</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+About+Asia&rft.atitle=The+Journey+to+the+West%3A+A+Platform+for+Learning+About+China+Past+and+Present&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jianfen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianstudies.org%2Fpublications%2Feaa%2Farchives%2Fjourney-to-the-west%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHsia1968" class="citation book cs1">Hsia, C.T. (1968). "The Journey to the West". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classicchineseno00hsia"><i>The Classic Chinese Novel</i></a></span>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classicchineseno00hsia/page/115">115–164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Journey+to+the+West&rft.btitle=The+Classic+Chinese+Novel&rft.place=New+York%3A+Columbia+University+Press&rft.pages=115-164&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Hsia&rft.aufirst=C.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassicchineseno00hsia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJenner1984" class="citation book cs1">Jenner, William John Francis (1984). "Translator's Afterword". <i>Journey to the West</i>. Vol. 4 (Seventh ed.). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. pp. 2341–2343.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Translator%27s+Afterword&rft.btitle=Journey+to+the+West&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pages=2341-2343&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Jenner&rft.aufirst=William+John+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJenner2016" class="citation magazine cs1">——— (3 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lareviewofbooks.org/essay/journeys-to-the-east-journey-to-the-west">"Journeys to the East, 'Journey to the West"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Review of Books</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Journeys+to+the+East%2C+%27Journey+to+the+West&rft.date=2016-02-03&rft.aulast=Jenner&rft.aufirst=William+John+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flareviewofbooks.org%2Fessay%2Fjourneys-to-the-east-journey-to-the-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKao1974" class="citation journal cs1">Kao, Karl S.Y. (October 1974). "An Archetypal Approach to <i>Hsi-yu chi</i>". <i>Tamkang Review</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 63–98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tamkang+Review&rft.atitle=An+Archetypal+Approach+to+Hsi-yu+chi&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=63-98&rft.date=1974-10&rft.aulast=Kao&rft.aufirst=Karl+S.Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPlaks1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Plaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Plaks">Plaks, Andrew</a> (1987). <i>The Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 183–276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Four+Masterworks+of+the+Ming+Novel&rft.place=Princeton%3A+Princeton+University+Press&rft.pages=183-276&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Plaks&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPlaks1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">——— (1994). "The Journey to the West". In Miller, Barbara S. (ed.). <i>Masterworks of Asian Literature in Comparative Perspective</i>. New York: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 272–284.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Journey+to+the+West&rft.btitle=Masterworks+of+Asian+Literature+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=272-284&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Plaks&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShi1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shi Changyu <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">石昌渝</span></span> (1999). "Introduction". <i>Journey to the West</i>. Vol. 1. Translated by Jenner, William John Francis (Seventh ed.). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. pp. 1–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Journey+to+the+West&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pages=1-22&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Shi+Changyu+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh%22%3E%E7%9F%B3%E6%98%8C%E6%B8%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Chinese-language+text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWangXu2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Richard G.; Xu, Dongfeng (2016). "Three Decades' Reworking on the Monk, the Monkey, and the Fiction of Allegory". <i>The Journal of Religion</i>. <b>96</b> (1): 102–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F683988">10.1086/683988</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170097583">170097583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Three+Decades%27+Reworking+on+the+Monk%2C+the+Monkey%2C+and+the+Fiction+of+Allegory&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=102-121&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F683988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170097583%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft.au=Xu%2C+Dongfeng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWasserstrom2020" class="citation web cs1">Wasserstrom, Jeffrey (10 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.lareviewofbooks.org/interviews/julia-lovell-monkey-kings-travels-across-borders-conversation/">"Julia Lovell on the Monkey King's Travels Across Borders: A Conversation"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Review of Books</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Julia+Lovell+on+the+Monkey+King%27s+Travels+Across+Borders%3A+A+Conversation&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft.aulast=Wasserstrom&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.lareviewofbooks.org%2Finterviews%2Fjulia-lovell-monkey-kings-travels-across-borders-conversation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFYu1983" class="citation journal cs1">Yu, Anthony C. (February 1983). "Two Literary Examples of Religious Pilgrimage: The <i>Commedia</i> and the <i>Journey to the West". </i>History of Religions<i>. <b>22</b> (3): 202–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F462922">10.1086/462922</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161410156">161410156</a>.</i></cite><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Two+Literary+Examples+of+Religious+Pilgrimage%3A+The+Commedia+and+the+Journey+to+the+West&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=202-230&rft.date=1983-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F462922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161410156%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Anthony+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></i></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFYu2012" class="citation book cs1">——— (2012). "Introduction". <i>Journey to the West</i>. Vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 1–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Journey+to+the+West&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=1-96&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Anthony+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJourney+to+the+West" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/23962"><i>Journey to the West</i></a> from the Gutenberg Project (Traditional Chinese)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xahlee.org/wordy/monkey_king/monkey_king.html"><i>Journey to the West</i></a> from Xahlee (Simplified Chinese)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china-on-site.com/pages/comic/1.php">Story of Sun Wukong and the beginning of <i>Journey to the West</i></a> with <a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">manhua</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innerjourneytothewest.com/english/en-resource.html">200 images of <i>Journey to the West</i> by Chen Huiguan, with a summary of each chapter</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinesenotes.com/xiyouji.html"><i>Journey to the West</i> 西遊記</a> Chinese text with embedded Chinese-English dictionary</li></ul>
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transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journey_to_the_West" title="Template talk:Journey to the West"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journey_to_the_West" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journey to the West"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wu_Cheng&#039;en&#039;s_Journey_to_the_West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng%27en" title="Wu Cheng'en">Wu Cheng'en</a>'s <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Journey to the West</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Journey_to_the_West_characters" title="List of Journey to the West characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_King" title="Monkey King">Sun Wukong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Sanzang" title="Tang Sanzang">Tang Sanzang</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Bajie" title="Zhu Bajie">Zhu Bajie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sha_Wujing" title="Sha Wujing">Sha Wujing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/White_Dragon_Horse" title="White Dragon Horse">White Dragon Horse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Red_Boy" title="Red Boy">Red Boy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baigujing" title="Baigujing">Baigujing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xiezijing" title="Xiezijing">Xiezijing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Iron_Fan" title="Princess Iron Fan">Princess Iron Fan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Demon_King" title="Bull Demon King">Bull Demon King</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heifeng_Guai" title="Heifeng Guai">Heifeng Guai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zhenyuan_Daxian" title="Zhenyuan Daxian">Zhenyuan Daxian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Puti_Zushi" title="Puti Zushi">Puti Zushi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kui_Mulang" title="Kui Mulang">Kui Mulang</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pilanpo" title="Pilanpo">Pilanpo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maori_Xingguan" title="Maori Xingguan">Maori Xingguan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dapeng_Jinchi_Mingwang" title="Dapeng Jinchi Mingwang">Dapeng Jinchi Mingwang</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Iron_Fan_(1941_film)" title="Princess Iron Fan (1941 film)">Princess Iron Fan</a></i> (1941)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Alakazam_the_Great" title="Alakazam the Great">Alakazam the Great</a></i> (1960)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Havoc_in_Heaven" title="Havoc in Heaven">Havoc in Heaven</a></i> (1961)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cave_of_the_Silken_Web_(1967_film)" title="The Cave of the Silken Web (1967 film)">The Cave of the Silken Web</a></i> (1967)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Starzinger" title="Starzinger">Starzinger</a></i> (1979)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monkey_King_Conquers_the_Demon" title="The Monkey King Conquers the Demon">The Monkey King Conquers the Demon</a></i> (1985)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Doraemon:_The_Record_of_Nobita%27s_Parallel_Visit_to_the_West" title="Doraemon: The Record of Nobita's Parallel Visit to the West">Doraemon: The Record of Nobita's Parallel Visit to the West</a></i> (1988)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Saiyuki:_Requiem" title="Saiyuki: Requiem">Saiyuki: Requiem</a></i> (2001)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_King_vs._Er_Lang_Shen" title="Monkey King vs. Er Lang Shen">Monkey King vs. Er Lang Shen</a></i> (2007)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_King:_Hero_Is_Back" title="Monkey King: Hero Is Back">Monkey King: Hero Is Back</a></i> (2015)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monkey_King_(2023_film)" title="The Monkey King (2023 film)">The Monkey King</a></i> (2023)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cave_of_the_Silken_Web_(1927_film)" title="The Cave of the Silken Web (1927 film)">The Cave of the Silken Web</a></i> (1927)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Iron_Fan_(1966_film)" title="Princess Iron Fan (1966 film)">Princess Iron Fan</a></i> (1966)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Chinese_Odyssey" title="A Chinese Odyssey">A Chinese Odyssey</a></i> (1995)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Chinese_Tall_Story" title="A Chinese Tall Story">A Chinese Tall Story</a></i> (2005)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Saiy%C5%ABki_(TV_series)" title="Saiyūki (TV series)">Saiyūki</a></i> (2007)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forbidden_Kingdom" title="The Forbidden Kingdom">The Forbidden Kingdom</a></i> (2008)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West:_Conquering_the_Demons" title="Journey to the West: Conquering the Demons">Journey to the West: Conquering the Demons</a></i> (2013)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monkey_King_(2014_film)" title="The Monkey King (2014 film)">The Monkey King</a></i> (2014)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monkey_King_2" title="The Monkey King 2">The Monkey King 2</a></i> (2016)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Chinese_Odyssey_Part_Three" title="A Chinese Odyssey Part Three">A Chinese Odyssey Part Three</a></i> (2016)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West:_The_Demons_Strike_Back" title="Journey to the West: The Demons Strike Back">Journey to the West: The Demons Strike Back</a></i> (2017)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wu_Kong_(film)" title="Wu Kong (film)">Wu Kong</a></i> (2017)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monkey_King_3" title="The Monkey King 3">The Monkey King 3</a></i> (2018)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sequels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Supplement_to_the_Journey_to_the_West" title="A Supplement to the Journey to the West">A Supplement to the Journey to the West</a></i> (c. 1640)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gok%C5%AB_no_Daib%C5%8Dken" title="Gokū no Daibōken">Gokū no Daibōken</a></i> (1966)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Starzinger" title="Starzinger">Science Fiction Saiyuki Starzinger</a></i> (1978)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_Magic_(Japanese_TV_series)" title="Monkey Magic (Japanese TV series)">Monkey Magic</a></i> (1998)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West:_Legends_of_the_Monkey_King" title="Journey to the West: Legends of the Monkey King">Journey to the West: Legends of the Monkey King</a></i> (1998)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Saiyuki_(manga)" title="Saiyuki (manga)">Saiyūki</a></i> (1999)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinzo" title="Shinzo">Shinzo</a></i> (2000)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_Typhoon" title="Monkey Typhoon">Monkey Typhoon</a></i> (2002)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Patalliro!" title="Patalliro!">Patalliro Saiyuki!</a></i> (2005)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lego_Monkie_Kid" title="Lego Monkie Kid">Lego Monkie Kid</a></i> (2020)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/SD_Gundam_World_Heroes" class="mw-redirect" title="SD Gundam World Heroes">SD Gundam World Heroes</a></i> (2021)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_(TV_series)" title="Monkey (TV series)">Monkey</a></i> (1978)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West_(1986_TV_series)" title="Journey to the West (1986 TV series)">Journey to the West</a></i> (1986)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West_(1996_TV_series)" title="Journey to the West (1996 TV series)">Journey to the West</a></i> (1996)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West_II" title="Journey to the West II">Journey to the West II</a></i> (1996)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunny_Piggy" title="Sunny Piggy">Sunny Piggy</a></i> (2000)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monkey_King_(miniseries)" title="The Monkey King (miniseries)">The Monkey King</a></i> (2001)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monkey_King:_Quest_for_the_Sutra" title="The Monkey King: Quest for the Sutra">The Monkey King: Quest for the Sutra</a></i> (2002)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Saiy%C5%ABki_(TV_series)" title="Saiyūki (TV series)">Saiyūki</a></i> (2006)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West_(2010_TV_series)" title="Journey to the West (2010 TV series)">Journey to the West</a></i> (2010)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng%27en_and_Journey_to_the_West" title="Wu Cheng'en and Journey to the West">Wu Cheng'en and Journey to the West</a></i> (2010)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West_(2011_TV_series)" title="Journey to the West (2011 TV series)">Journey to the West</a></i> (2011)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Korean_Odyssey" title="A Korean Odyssey">A Korean Odyssey</a></i> (2017)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Legends_of_Monkey" title="The New Legends of Monkey">The New Legends of Monkey</a></i> (2018)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey:_Journey_to_the_West" title="Monkey: Journey to the West">Monkey: Journey to the West</a></i> (play)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manga and Comics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Patalliro!" title="Patalliro!">Patalliro Saiyuki!</a></i> (1978)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Starzinger" title="Starzinger">Starzinger</a></i> (1979)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Ball" title="Dragon Ball">Dragon Ball</a></i> (1984)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Saiyuki_(manga)" title="Saiyuki (manga)">Saiyūki</a></i> (1997)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monkey_King_(manga)" title="The Monkey King (manga)">The Monkey King</a></i> (1998)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinzo" title="Shinzo">Shinzo</a></i> (2000)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_Typhoon" title="Monkey Typhoon">Monkey Typhoon</a></i> (2001)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Xin_(comics)" title="Xin (comics)">Xin</a></i> (2003)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Born_Chinese_(graphic_novel)" title="American Born Chinese (graphic novel)">American Born Chinese</a></i> (2006)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_(manhua)" title="Saint (manhua)">Saint</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ether_Saga_Odyssey" title="Ether Saga Odyssey">Ether Saga Odyssey</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Enslaved:_Odyssey_to_the_West" title="Enslaved: Odyssey to the West">Enslaved: Odyssey to the West</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Westward_Journey" title="Fantasy Westward Journey">Fantasy Westward Journey</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganso_Saiy%C5%ABki:_Super_Monkey_Daib%C5%8Dken" title="Ganso Saiyūki: Super Monkey Daibōken">Ganso Saiyūki: Super Monkey Daibōken</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Wukong" title="Legend of Wukong">Legend of Wukong</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_Hero" title="Monkey Hero">Monkey Hero</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_King:_Hero_Is_Back" title="Monkey King: Hero Is Back">Monkey King: Hero Is Back</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_Magic_(1999_video_game)" title="Monkey Magic (1999 video game)">Monkey Magic</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Saiyuki:_Journey_West" title="Saiyuki: Journey West">Saiyuki: Journey West</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/SonSon" title="SonSon">SonSon</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Westward_Journey_Online_II" title="Westward Journey Online II">Westward Journey Online II</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Whomp_%27Em" title="Whomp 'Em">Whomp 'Em</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABy%C5%ABki" title="Yūyūki">Yūyūki</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Myth:_Wukong" title="Black Myth: Wukong">Black Myth: Wukong</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_(novel)" title="Monkey (novel)">Monkey</a></i> (1942 novel)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Griever:_An_American_Monkey_King_in_China" title="Griever: An American Monkey King in China">Griever: An American Monkey King in China</a></i> (1986 novel)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tripmaster_Monkey" title="Tripmaster Monkey">Tripmaster Monkey</a></i> (1989 novel)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Classic Chinese Novels">Four Great Classical Novels</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Village" title="Gao Village">Gao Village</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Village_Arc" title="Gao Village Arc">Gao Village Arc</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Huaguo" title="Mount Huaguo">Mount Huaguo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shuilian_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuilian Cave">Shuilian Cave</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tongtian_River_(fictional_river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongtian River (fictional river)">Tongtian River</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liusha_River_(fictional_river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liusha River (fictional river)">Liusha River</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_media_adaptations_of_Journey_to_the_West" title="List of media adaptations of Journey to the West">List of media adaptations of <i>Journey to the West</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_King_Festival" title="Monkey King Festival">Monkey King Festival</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ruyi_Jingu_Bang" title="Ruyi Jingu Bang">Ruyi Jingu Bang</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West_(soundtrack)" title="Journey to the West (soundtrack)">Journey to the West</a></i> (2008 soundtrack)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Classic_Chinese_Novels" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Template:Classic Chinese Novels"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Template talk:Classic Chinese Novels"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classic Chinese Novels"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Classic_Chinese_Novels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Classic Chinese Novels">Classic Chinese Novels</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Four Classic Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Water_Margin" title="Water Margin">Water Margin</a></i> (mid-14th century)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> (late 14th century)</li>
<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Journey to the West</a></i> (c. 1592)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber" title="Dream of the Red Chamber">Dream of the Red Chamber</a></i> (mid-18th century)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additional classics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jin_Ping_Mei" title="Jin Ping Mei">The Plum in the Golden Vase</a></i> (c. 1610)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scholars_(novel)" title="The Scholars (novel)">The Scholars</a></i> (1750)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_mythology" title="Template:Chinese mythology"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_mythology" title="Template talk:Chinese mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_creation_myths" title="Chinese creation myths">Creation myth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_spiritual_world_concepts" title="Chinese spiritual world concepts">Godly world concepts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_astrology" title="Chinese astrology">Astrology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Dragons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals" title="Chinese gods and immortals">Gods and immortals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pangu" title="Pangu">Pangu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Chinese_culture" title="Ghosts in Chinese culture">Ghosts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major personages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals" title="Chinese gods and immortals">Gods and immortals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Immortals" title="Eight Immortals">Eight Immortals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Youchao" title="Youchao">Youchao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shennong" title="Shennong">Shennong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Emperor" title="Yan Emperor">Yan Emperor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chiyou" title="Chiyou">Chiyou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e" title="Chang'e">Chang'e</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Yi" title="Hou Yi">Hou Yi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kuafu" title="Kuafu">Kuafu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythological creatures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Symbols" title="Four Symbols">Four Symbols</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Tortoise" title="Black Tortoise">Black Tortoise</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Dragon" title="Azure Dragon">Azure Dragon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/White_Tiger_(mythology)" title="White Tiger (mythology)">White Tiger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_Bird" title="Vermilion Bird">Vermilion Bird</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Dragon" title="Yellow Dragon">Yellow Dragon</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Beasts" title="Four Holy Beasts">Four Holy Beasts</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qilin" title="Qilin">Qilin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fenghuang" title="Fenghuang">Fenghuang</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yinglong" title="Yinglong">Yinglong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_turtle" title="Spirit turtle">Spirit turtle</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bixi" title="Bixi">Bixi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fox_spirit" title="Fox spirit">Huli jing</a> (Fox spirit)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_guardian_lions" title="Chinese guardian lions">Chinese guardian lions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pixiu" title="Pixiu">Pixiu</a> (Bixie)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nian" title="Nian">Nian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Chinese_mythology" title="Horses in Chinese mythology">Horses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hundun" title="Hundun">Hundun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xiezhi" title="Xiezhi">Xiezhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhiqi" title="Wuzhiqi">Wuzhiqi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yeren" title="Yeren">Yeren</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fox_spirit" title="Fox spirit">Fox spirit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Four_Perils" title="Four Perils">Four Perils</a> (<a href="/wiki/Four_Perils" title="Four Perils">Four Evildoers</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peng_(mythology)" title="Peng (mythology)">Peng (mythology)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nine-headed_Bird" title="Nine-headed Bird">Nine-headed Bird</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tianma" title="Tianma">Tianma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nine-tailed_fox" title="Nine-tailed fox">Nine-tailed fox</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_from_China" title="List of legendary creatures from China"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Buzhou" title="Mount Buzhou">Buzhou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diyu" title="Diyu">Diyu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Pillars" title="Eight Pillars">Eight Pillars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_the_Ghosts" title="Gate of the Ghosts">Gate of the Ghosts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fusang" title="Fusang">Fusang</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Mountain_(mythology)" title="Jade Mountain (mythology)">Jade Mountain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_(mythology)" title="Kunlun (mythology)">Kunlun Mountain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Longmen_(mythology)" title="Longmen (mythology)">Longmen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moving_Sands" title="Moving Sands">Moving Sands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Penglai" title="Mount Penglai">Penglai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_(mythology)" title="Red River (mythology)">Red River</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Weak_River_(mythology)" title="Weak River (mythology)">Weak River</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Youdu" title="Youdu">Youdu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gu_(poison)" title="Gu (poison)">Gu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peaches_of_Immortality" title="Peaches of Immortality">Peaches of Immortality</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Mountains_and_Seas" title="Classic of Mountains and Seas">Classic of Mountains and Seas</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Shi_Yi_Ji" title="Shi Yi Ji">Shi Yi Ji</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowuzhi" title="Bowuzhi">Bowuzhi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Liexian_Zhuan" title="Liexian Zhuan">Liexian Zhuan</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenxian_Zhuan" title="Shenxian Zhuan">Shenxian Zhuan</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Gods_and_Strange_Things" title="Book of Gods and Strange Things">Shenyi Jing</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peach_Blossom_Spring" title="The Peach Blossom Spring">The Peach Blossom Spring</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Journeys" class="mw-redirect" title="The Four Journeys">The Four Journeys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Investiture_of_the_Gods" title="Investiture of the Gods">Investiture of the Gods</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Sui_Quash_the_Demons%27_Revolt" title="The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt">The Sorcerer's Revolt</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Tales_from_a_Chinese_Studio" title="Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio">Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio</a></i></li>
<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Journey to the West</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Supernatural" title="In Search of the Supernatural">In Search of the Supernatural</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/What_the_Master_Would_Not_Discuss" title="What the Master Would Not Discuss">What the Master Would Not Discuss</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Questions" title="Heavenly Questions">Heavenly Questions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chu_Ci" title="Chu Ci">Chu Ci</a>)</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Huainanzi" title="Huainanzi">Huainanzi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_of_the_Thatched_Abode_of_Close_Observations" title="Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations">Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other folk tales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_White_Snake" title="Legend of the White Snake">Legend of the White Snake</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dong_Yong_and_the_Seventh_Fairy" title="Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy">Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cowherd_and_the_Weaver_Girl" title="The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl">The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Lotus_Lantern" title="The Magic Lotus Lantern">The Magic Lotus Lantern</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mulian_Rescues_His_Mother" title="Mulian Rescues His Mother">Mulian Rescues His Mother</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q70784#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q70784#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q70784#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/185090227">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16537317q">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16537317q">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4237787-0">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007351725405171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82017314">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36609612">Australia</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/131263609">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
