Edit count of the user ($1) (user_editcount) | null |
Name of the user account ($1) (user_name) | '183.83.39.239' |
Age of the user account ($1) (user_age) | 0 |
Groups (including implicit) the user is in ($1) (user_groups) | [
0 => '*'
] |
Rights that the user has ($1) (user_rights) | [
0 => 'createaccount',
1 => 'read',
2 => 'edit',
3 => 'createtalk',
4 => 'writeapi',
5 => 'viewmyprivateinfo',
6 => 'editmyprivateinfo',
7 => 'editmyoptions',
8 => 'abusefilter-log-detail',
9 => 'urlshortener-create-url',
10 => 'centralauth-merge',
11 => 'abusefilter-view',
12 => 'abusefilter-log',
13 => 'vipsscaler-test'
] |
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface ($1) (user_mobile) | true |
Whether the user is editing from mobile app ($1) (user_app) | false |
Page ID ($1) (page_id) | 60958951 |
Page namespace ($1) (page_namespace) | 0 |
Page title without namespace ($1) (page_title) | 'Alloplasty' |
Full page title ($1) (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Alloplasty' |
Edit protection level of the page ($1) (page_restrictions_edit) | [] |
Last ten users to contribute to the page ($1) (page_recent_contributors) | [
0 => 'NDrbs',
1 => 'Iffinfinito',
2 => 'John of Reading',
3 => 'SdkbBot',
4 => 'Citation bot',
5 => 'OAbot',
6 => 'Headbomb',
7 => 'Tom.Reding',
8 => 'WikiCleanerBot',
9 => 'LilHelpa'
] |
Page age in seconds ($1) (page_age) | 153222027 |
Action ($1) (action) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason ($1) (summary) | '' |
Old content model ($1) (old_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
New content model ($1) (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit ($1) (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Surgical procedure}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2019}}
'''Alloplasty''' is a [[surgical procedure]] performed to substitute and repair defects within the body with the use of [[synthetic fibers|synthetic material]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Chandran|first1=Ravi|last2=Keeler|first2=Gary D.|last3=Christensen|first3=Andrew M.|last4=Weimer|first4=Katherine A.|last5=Caloss|first5=Ron|date=January 2011|title=Application of Virtual Surgical Planning for Total Joint Reconstruction With a Stock Alloplast System|journal=Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery|volume=69|issue=1|pages=285–294|doi=10.1016/j.joms.2010.03.010|pmid=20727647|issn=0278-2391}}</ref> It can also be performed in order to bridge [[wound]]s.<ref name=":0" /> The process of undergoing alloplasty involves the construction of an alloplastic [[graft (surgery)|graft]] through the use of computed tomography ([[CT scan|CT]]), rapid [[prototyping]] and "the use of computer-assisted virtual model surgery."<ref name=":0" /> Each alloplastic graft is individually constructed and customised according to the patient's defect to address their personal health issue.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Martinez|first=Jaime Mejia|date=2003-11-01|title=Use of Multiple Alloplastic Implants for Cosmetic Enhancement of Structural Maxillofacial Hypoplasia|journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal|volume=23|issue=6|pages=433–440|doi=10.1016/j.asj.2003.09.005|pmid=19336114|issn=1090-820X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Alloplasty can be applied in the form of reconstructive surgery. An example where alloplasty is applied in [[reconstructive surgery]] is in aiding cranial defects.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Anand R.|last2=Bradley|first2=James P.|last3=Harshbarger|first3=Raymond|last4=Stevens|first4=Fred|last5=Bell|first5=Randy|last6=Moores|first6=Leon|last7=Armonda|first7=Rocco|date=March 2011|title=Warfare-Related Craniectomy Defect Reconstruction: Early Success Using Custom Alloplast Implants|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=127|issue=3|pages=1279–1287|doi=10.1097/prs.0b013e318205f47c|pmid=21364428|s2cid=12772675|issn=0032-1052}}</ref> The insertion and fixation of alloplastic implants can also be applied in cosmetic enhancement and augmentation.<ref name=":6">{{Citation|last=Niamtu|first=Joe|chapter=Evaluation of the Cosmetic Facial Surgery Patient|date=2018|pages=15–31|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780323393935|doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-39393-5.00002-9|title=Cosmetic Facial Surgery}}</ref> Since the inception of alloplasty, it has been proposed that it could be a viable alternative to other forms of transplants. The [[biocompatibility]] and customisation of alloplastic implants and grafts provides a method that may be suitable for both minor and major medical cases that may have more limitations in surgical approach. Although there has been evidence that alloplasty is a viable method for repairing and substituting defects, there are disadvantages including suitability of patient bone quality and quantity for long term implant stability, possibility of rejection of the alloplastic implant, injuring surrounding nerves, cost of procedure and long recovery times.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOHvAgAAQBAJ&q=disadvantages+of+alloplasty&pg=PA728|title=Porous Silicon: Formation and Properties|last=Korotcentkov|first=Ghenadii|date=2015-11-09|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781576263846}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Winkler|first1=Heinz|last2=Haiden|first2=Peter|date=2017-01-01|title=Allograft Bone as Antibiotic Carrier|journal=Journal of Bone and Joint Infection|volume=2|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.7150/jbji.17466|issn=2206-3552|pmc=5423575|pmid=28529864}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|chapter=Oral Surgery|date=2010-11-26|pages=45|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780340945896|doi=10.1201/b13386-8|title=Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Second edition}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Mah|first=J.|date=2004-10-01|title=The efficacy of various alloplastic bone grafts on the healing of rat calvarial defects|journal=The European Journal of Orthodontics|volume=26|issue=5|pages=475–482|doi=10.1093/ejo/26.5.475|pmid=15536835|issn=0141-5387|doi-access=free}}</ref> Complications can also occur from inadequate engineering of alloplastic implants and grafts, and poor implant fixation to bone. These include infection, inflammatory reactions, the fracture of alloplastic implants and prostheses, loosening of implants or reduced or complete loss of osseointegration.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Leonard|first1=Gary|last2=Coelho|first2=Paulo|last3=Polyzois|first3=Ioannis|last4=Stassen|first4=Leo|last5=Claffey|first5=Noel|date=March 2009|title=A study of the bone healing kinetics of plateau versus screw root design titanium dental implants|url=http://www.eduardojanuzzi.com.br/artigosRecomendados/2009/comparacao_plateau_rosca.pdfLeonard%20G,%20Coelho%20P,%20Polyzois%20I,%20Stassen%20L,%20Claffey%20N.%20A%20study%20of%20the%20bone%20healing%20kinetics%20of%20plateau%20versus%20screw%20root%20design%20titanium%20dental%20implants.%20Clin.%20Oral%20Impl.%20Res.%2020,%202009;%20232%E2%80%93239.%20doi:%2010.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01640.x|journal=Clinical Oral Implants Research|volume=20|issue=3|pages=232–239|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01640.x|pmid=19397634|issn=0905-7161}}</ref>
== Procedure ==
[[File:Freegingivalgraft_socketpreservation.gif|thumb|Alloplastic bone packed into socket for maxillary canine, then covered with gingival graft]]
Generally, alloplasty requires resource-intensive preparation including a computed tomography (CT) scan of the patient. Following the CT scan, computer-assisted design technology such as interactive virtual surgical planning software, is used to design a surgical simulation. The surgical simulation produced can be utilised to manipulate the 3D CT model to “preplan the resection, design cutting guides, and choose the appropriate stock prosthesis size”.<ref name=":0" /> To further improve the safety and outcomes of alloplasty, additive manufacturing technology such as the use of rapid prototyping, fabricates stereolithographic models and cutting guides to be used in the operating room to improve surgical performance.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9" />
Prior to the surgical procedure, the alloplastic implant that will be used to repair or substitute the patients defect is designed to be biocompatible with the patient's specific body tissue.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> The purpose and longevity of the alloplastic implant is also taken into account when considering the materials that are used to create the implant and the structure in order to be able to fixate the implant into the body safely and securely.<ref name=":6" /> Preventative measures taken to minimise infection include alloplastic implants being thoroughly sterilised through the administration of antibiotics, the implant acting as an antibiotic carrier. The administration of an antibiotic above the minimum biofilm eradication concentration can act as a protective barrier to bacterial adhesion but can also eradicate biofilm remnants.<ref name=":7" /> Another preventative measure to minimise infection is topical antiseptic cleaning in the area of operation. Patients prior to surgical procedure are to be placed on strict hygiene programs to minimise the production of harmful bacteria that may cause infection. Infection can delay the surgical procedure of the alloplastic implant which would cause the patient to further endure the disadvantages of their defect.<ref name=":1" />
After completion of surgical preparation and the creation of a final stock prosthesis, the commencement of the surgical procedure, alloplasty, begins. Alloplasty is performed with the use of anaesthesia. The type of anaesthesia is dependent upon the location of the insertion of the alloplastic implant and the severity of the patient's case, but commonly general anaesthetic and local anaesthetic are utilised. General anaesthetic is applied in major cases but for minor cases, the patient is put under local anaesthetic and intravenous sedation. Once the patient is under anaesthetic, surgeons make the appropriate dissections to insert and stabilise the alloplastic implants.<ref name=":1" /> Post-surgery the patient is monitored over a period of time to identify whether the implant has successfully repaired or substituted the defect of concern, and if infection is present.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Goyal|first1=Shelly|last2=Goyal|first2=Mukesh Kumar|date=June 2014|title=Restoration of Large Cranial Defect for Cranioplasty with Alloplastic Cranial Implant Material: A Case Report|journal=Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society|volume=14|issue=2|pages=191–194|doi=10.1007/s13191-012-0185-y|issn=0972-4052|pmc=3990769|pmid=24757358}}</ref>
== Surgical techniques ==
=== Fixation of alloplastic implants ===
Alloplastic implants are osteoconductive and can bridge wounds by osseointegration.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chim|first1=Harvey|last2=Wetjen|first2=Nicholas|last3=Mardini|first3=Samir|date=August 2014|title=Virtual Surgical Planning in Craniofacial Surgery|journal=Seminars in Plastic Surgery|volume=28|issue=3|pages=150–158|doi=10.1055/s-0034-1384811|issn=1535-2188|pmc=4154978|pmid=25210509}}</ref> After the initial insertion of an alloplastic implant, the implant acts as a guide and pathway for the continuum of bone and tissue reproduction. The alloplastic implant becomes more stabilised and integrated into the surrounding bone as bone production progresses, fixating the implant.<ref name=":8" /> Initially the method to fixate alloplastic implants is by using miniplates and screws to directly attach the implant to the bone to mechanically stabilise it.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In alloplastic surgeries that involve smaller implants, the screw themselves can be used as implants. For example, dental implants can be found in the form of screws. There are two type of screw designs that are suitable as dental implants, screw-root form and plateau-root form designed screws. The two screw designs have different osseointegration outcomes, longevity and healing processes. The screw-root form design is directly threaded into bone and has macroscopic retentive elements for initial bone fixation. A direct connection between bone and the implant provides high initial stability. Over time, screw-root form designs experience bone resorption and “bone modelling and remodelling at the bone to implant interface”.<ref name=":9" />
[[File:Three_Bicon_plateau_root_form_(finned)_implants.tif|thumb|Plateau-root form dental implants of 3 different sizes]]
Plateau-root form designed implants have a different healing process to screw-root form designs. The plateau-root form design has a woven bone formation. In the 0-3 month bone healing phase, osseointegration occurs by intramembranous ossification. Intramembranous ossification provides greater stabilisation and a more significant role in peri-implant bone healing around plateau-root form implants than screw-root form designed implants.<ref name=":9" />
Miniscrews are another type of implant that can be used to anchor and intrude hard surfaces, such as teeth. This type of implant can stabilise intrusive movement to a certain extent with a varying percentage of relapse of intrusion. Advantages of miniscrews are that they are easily inserted and removed, cheaper compared to other implants, are flexible in regards to insertion sites and cause a lower level of discomfort for the patient. Miniscrews are also able to provide stability without flap surgery and has a “short healing period and immediate loading”.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Paik|first1=Cheol-Ho|title=PREFACE|date=2009|work=Orthodontic Miniscrew Implants|pages=v|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780723434023|last2=Park|first2=In-Kwon|last3=Woo|first3=Youngjoo|last4=Kim|first4=Tae-Woo|doi=10.1016/b978-0-7234-3402-3.50004-7}}</ref>
The approach for the fixation of alloplastic implants will be dependent upon the circumstance of the surgical operation and the required stability of the implant. Some patients will require a combination of approaches. The approach taken to surgically fixate an alloplastic implant can also because of the type of synthetic material that the implant is made of to suit its purposes.<ref name=":1" /> The alloplastic implant must also be biocompatible with the hosts tissues by being “non-toxic, non-allergenic, non-carcinogenic and non-inflammatory”.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-65/issue-10/559.html|title=The Clinical Applications of Synthetic Bone Alloplast|website=www.cda-adc.ca|access-date=2019-05-12}}</ref>
== Current use in Medicine ==
=== Defect reconstruction ===
[[File:Xilloc_Patient_Specific_Implant_Titanium.png|thumb|Implant creation sequence: CT scan to CAD to 3D printed titanium cranial implant]]
Alloplasty is a method for synthetic implants to be inserted into the body to aid physical and mental function.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cabin|first1=Jonathan A.|last2=Bassiri-Tehrani|first2=Michael|last3=Sclafani|first3=Anthony P.|last4=Romo|first4=Thomas|date=November 2014|title=Microtia Reconstruction|journal=Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America|volume=22|issue=4|pages=623–638|doi=10.1016/j.fsc.2014.07.004|pmid=25444733|issn=1064-7406}}</ref> The procedure can be performed to reconstruct defects such as cranial defects.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Landor|first1=I.|last2=Vavrík|first2=P.|last3=Jahoda|first3=D.|date=2005|title=[General principles of infection treatment in joint replacements]|journal=Acta Chirurgiae Orthopaedicae et Traumatologiae Cechoslovaca|volume=72|issue=3|pages=183–190|issn=0001-5415|pmid=16105503}}</ref> A common synthetic material used in the production of alloplastic grafts for craniotomy is heat-cure polymethyl methacrylate resin due to being nonconductive, radiolucent, light in weight and is easily modified to smoothly mould to the shape of the skull.<ref name=":10" /> The non-conduciveness and biocompatibility of polymethyl methacrylate resin and alloplastic materials in general, provides the ability for alloplastic implants to be used in aiding brain defects that may have been caused by decompressive craniectomy.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10" /> Porous titanium implants can also be used to correct calvarial defects such as "subdural hematoma and meningioma".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cho|first1=Hyung Rok|last2=Roh|first2=Tae Suk|last3=Shim|first3=Kyu Won|last4=Kim|first4=Yong Oock|last5=Lew|first5=Dae Hyun|last6=Yun|first6=In Sik|date=April 2015|title=Skull Reconstruction with Custom Made Three-Dimensional Titanium Implant|journal=Archives of Craniofacial Surgery|volume=16|issue=1|pages=11–16|doi=10.7181/acfs.2015.16.1.11|issn=2287-1152|pmc=5556788|pmid=28913212}}</ref> Implants promote bone formation in osseous defects created by trauma or surgical intervention.<ref name=":7" /> Custom stock prosthetic implants reconstruct the cranial defects where the skull is too fragmented to be recovered or where bone has become infected and is required to be replaced.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" /> Cranial implants are placed and secured through surgical stabilisation using surgical wires, mini plates and screws to fill gaps in the bone of the skull, called the bone flap.<ref name=":10" /> The conduct of alloplasty on the cranium restores lost or deficient use of the brain through the repair of mechanical defects, but is also able to provide fixations for cosmetic purposes to restore natural anatomy.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />
=== Cosmetic enhancement and augmentation ===
Alloplastic implants can be used in cosmetic facial surgery to restore volume in areas of the face and “can be serviced or removed without maximally invasive surgery".<ref name=":6" /> Implants ideally are “nonantigenic, durable, non-toxic and resistant to infection".<ref name=":2">{{Citation|last1=Banki|first1=Mohammad|title=Infections Associated with Aesthetic Facial Surgery|date=2016|work=Head, Neck, and Orofacial Infections|pages=366–372|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780323289450|last2=Castiglione|first2=Charles L.|last3=Ferneini|first3=Elie M.|doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-28945-0.00026-0}}</ref> Cosmetic enhancement can be desired for multiple reasons including the physical changes associated with ageing. The continuous change in facial structure and need for volume restoration due to ageing requires implants that can be easily replaced, cost effective, permanent if desired and a reversible procedure. Silicone implants can provide a three-dimensional (3D) augmentation when anchored to the facial skeleton with screws. Implants made from silicone are able to be replaced and reversed in procedure as the silicone is not integrated into skin tissue but is surrounded by a dense and fibrous tissue capsule. Other materials alloplastic implants are made of for cosmetic enhancement include “expanded polytetrafluorethylene and porous polyethylene” which are all biocompatible".<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2" />
Facial implants that are left immobilised and that create pressure against bone can cause bone resorption. For example, chin implants that are immobilised create pressure on the anterior mandible which can cause an increase in bone resorption. Facial implants that are placed in a supraperiosteal plane centrally and subperiosteal plane laterally minimise bone resorption. The supraperiosteal plane placement of the implant minimises the degree of contact to the bone as the implant is immobilised and the subperiosteal plane has lateral pockets that fixate the implant. Chin implants can also be fixated and equally remove pressure from bone through the use of screw fixation.<ref>{{Citation|last=Sykes|first=Jonathan M.|chapter=Complications of Facial Implants|date=2009|pages=671–676|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9781416042204|doi=10.1016/b978-141604220-4.50054-7|title=Complications in Head and Neck Surgery}}</ref>
== Adverse effects ==
=== Disadvantages ===
A disadvantage of alloplasty is that there are certain requirements for a patient to have long term stability of an alloplastic implant.<ref name=":9" /> This can be dependent upon age and health conditions of the patient. The patient must have sufficient maintenance of alveolar bone structure and minimise alveolar bone loss. For example, the removal of teeth results in accelerated loss of facial bone with the alveolar bone receding, resorbing and then disappearing. In the span of 2–3 years, patients can experience 40-60% of alveolar bone loss. Severe bone and tissue loss can make it difficult for the proceeding with alloplasty as procedural plans about regenerating bone through alloplastic implants become more complex.<ref name=":5" />
[[File:Mock_up_of_artificial_shoulder.jpg|thumb|Mock up of artificial shoulder implant that remained in a patient for two years, until removed due to infection.]]
Another disadvantage with alloplasty is that alloplastic grafts and implants can cause inflammation or be completely rejected by the body and needs to be removed.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Jordan|first1=David R.|last2=St. Onge|first2=Pam|last3=Anderson|first3=Richard L.|last4=Patrinely|first4=James R.|last5=Nerad|first5=Jeffrey A.|date=1992-10-01|title=Complications Associated with Alloplastic Implants used in Orbital Fracture Repair|journal=Ophthalmology|volume=99|issue=10|pages=1600–1608|doi=10.1016/S0161-6420(92)31760-9|pmid=1454329|issn=0161-6420}}</ref> Alloplasty as a form of reconstructive surgery can be expensive.<ref name=":12" /> The need to remove and replace a rejected alloplastic graft or implant increases costs for the patient and prolongs the time the patient must endure the defect of concern. For patients that are successful with alloplasty, may experience long recovery times. This is because the patient's body needs to adapt to the foreign material and integrate the alloplastic implant or graft with its surrounding tissue.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":3" />
The surgical technique of alloplasty if completed incorrectly can cause significant and irreversible damage to surrounding nerves by the improper placement of osteotomy. For example, in osteoplastic genioplasty, the risk of injuring a mental nerve is high. If the mental nerve injured or damaged, the lower lip and front of the chin can perceptually feel numb.<ref name=":11" />
=== Complications ===
[[File:Fractured_implant.jpg|thumb|Fractured implant and abutment screw in tooth socket]]
Although evidence gathered by case-by-case studies have proposed that alloplasty is a viable alternative to other forms of transplants, there can be complications.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" /> Alloplastic implants that are not thoroughly sanitised can be contaminated. Contaminated implants attached to a surface in the body creates an enclosed slimy matrix called biofilm, which protects bacterial organisms from the body's defence mechanisms and antibiotics. The bacteria can infect the bloodstream and cause body tissues to become dysfunctional and suppress the body's immune system. A suppressed immune system exacerbates the growth of invading bacteria.<ref name=":7" /> Infection is predominant cause of removal of alloplastic implants. A disadvantage of the removal of an infected implant is that bone defects that the implant was responsible for, continue to exist. Another complication is that some synthetic organic materials such as fisiograft, that are used to make alloplastic implants can be hydrolytically decomposed which “leads to a local acidulation of the tissue and causes an inflammatory reaction during absorption”.<ref name=":11" /> There can be complications with the long term function of alloplastic implants, if implants are poorly engineered and inadequately fixated. Improper fixation and numerous biomechanical and mechanical factors can contribute to the fracture of alloplastic implants or prostheses, loosening of alloplastic implants and reduced or complete loss of osseointegration. Biomechanical overload from the use of bone as leverage, creating leverage force, can place enormous stress on the implant as well as the bone–implant interface.<ref name=":11" />
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<!--- Categories --->
[[Category:Plastic surgery]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit ($1) (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Surgical procedure}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2019}}
Hi guys Im vikram any quay contact me'''Alloplasty''' is a [[surgical procedure]] performed to substitute and repair defects within the body with the use of [[synthetic fibers|synthetic material]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Chandran|first1=Ravi|last2=Keeler|first2=Gary D.|last3=Christensen|first3=Andrew M.|last4=Weimer|first4=Katherine A.|last5=Caloss|first5=Ron|date=January 2011|title=Application of Virtual Surgical Planning for Total Joint Reconstruction With a Stock Alloplast System|journal=Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery|volume=69|issue=1|pages=285–294|doi=10.1016/j.joms.2010.03.010|pmid=20727647|issn=0278-2391}}</ref> It can also be performed in order to bridge [[wound]]s.<ref name=":0" /> The process of undergoing alloplasty involves the construction of an alloplastic [[graft (surgery)|graft]] through the use of computed tomography ([[CT scan|CT]]), rapid [[prototyping]] and "the use of computer-assisted virtual model surgery."<ref name=":0" /> Each alloplastic graft is individually constructed and customised according to the patient's defect to address their personal health issue.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Martinez|first=Jaime Mejia|date=2003-11-01|title=Use of Multiple Alloplastic Implants for Cosmetic Enhancement of Structural Maxillofacial Hypoplasia|journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal|volume=23|issue=6|pages=433–440|doi=10.1016/j.asj.2003.09.005|pmid=19336114|issn=1090-820X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Alloplasty can be applied in the form of reconstructive surgery. An example where alloplasty is applied in [[reconstructive surgery]] is in aiding cranial defects.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Anand R.|last2=Bradley|first2=James P.|last3=Harshbarger|first3=Raymond|last4=Stevens|first4=Fred|last5=Bell|first5=Randy|last6=Moores|first6=Leon|last7=Armonda|first7=Rocco|date=March 2011|title=Warfare-Related Craniectomy Defect Reconstruction: Early Success Using Custom Alloplast Implants|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=127|issue=3|pages=1279–1287|doi=10.1097/prs.0b013e318205f47c|pmid=21364428|s2cid=12772675|issn=0032-1052}}</ref> The insertion and fixation of alloplastic implants can also be applied in cosmetic enhancement and augmentation.<ref name=":6">{{Citation|last=Niamtu|first=Joe|chapter=Evaluation of the Cosmetic Facial Surgery Patient|date=2018|pages=15–31|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780323393935|doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-39393-5.00002-9|title=Cosmetic Facial Surgery}}</ref> Since the inception of alloplasty, it has been proposed that it could be a viable alternative to other forms of transplants. The [[biocompatibility]] and customisation of alloplastic implants and grafts provides a method that may be suitable for both minor and major medical cases that may have more limitations in surgical approach. Although there has been evidence that alloplasty is a viable method for repairing and substituting defects, there are disadvantages including suitability of patient bone quality and quantity for long term implant stability, possibility of rejection of the alloplastic implant, injuring surrounding nerves, cost of procedure and long recovery times.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOHvAgAAQBAJ&q=disadvantages+of+alloplasty&pg=PA728|title=Porous Silicon: Formation and Properties|last=Korotcentkov|first=Ghenadii|date=2015-11-09|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781576263846}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Winkler|first1=Heinz|last2=Haiden|first2=Peter|date=2017-01-01|title=Allograft Bone as Antibiotic Carrier|journal=Journal of Bone and Joint Infection|volume=2|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.7150/jbji.17466|issn=2206-3552|pmc=5423575|pmid=28529864}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|chapter=Oral Surgery|date=2010-11-26|pages=45|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780340945896|doi=10.1201/b13386-8|title=Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Second edition}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Mah|first=J.|date=2004-10-01|title=The efficacy of various alloplastic bone grafts on the healing of rat calvarial defects|journal=The European Journal of Orthodontics|volume=26|issue=5|pages=475–482|doi=10.1093/ejo/26.5.475|pmid=15536835|issn=0141-5387|doi-access=free}}</ref> Complications can also occur from inadequate engineering of alloplastic implants and grafts, and poor implant fixation to bone. These include infection, inflammatory reactions, the fracture of alloplastic implants and prostheses, loosening of implants or reduced or complete loss of osseointegration.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Leonard|first1=Gary|last2=Coelho|first2=Paulo|last3=Polyzois|first3=Ioannis|last4=Stassen|first4=Leo|last5=Claffey|first5=Noel|date=March 2009|title=A study of the bone healing kinetics of plateau versus screw root design titanium dental implants|url=http://www.eduardojanuzzi.com.br/artigosRecomendados/2009/comparacao_plateau_rosca.pdfLeonard%20G,%20Coelho%20P,%20Polyzois%20I,%20Stassen%20L,%20Claffey%20N.%20A%20study%20of%20the%20bone%20healing%20kinetics%20of%20plateau%20versus%20screw%20root%20design%20titanium%20dental%20implants.%20Clin.%20Oral%20Impl.%20Res.%2020,%202009;%20232%E2%80%93239.%20doi:%2010.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01640.x|journal=Clinical Oral Implants Research|volume=20|issue=3|pages=232–239|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01640.x|pmid=19397634|issn=0905-7161}}</ref>
== Procedure ==
[[File:Freegingivalgraft_socketpreservation.gif|thumb|Alloplastic bone packed into socket for maxillary canine, then covered with gingival graft]]
Generally, alloplasty requires resource-intensive preparation including a computed tomography (CT) scan of the patient. Following the CT scan, computer-assisted design technology such as interactive virtual surgical planning software, is used to design a surgical simulation. The surgical simulation produced can be utilised to manipulate the 3D CT model to “preplan the resection, design cutting guides, and choose the appropriate stock prosthesis size”.<ref name=":0" /> To further improve the safety and outcomes of alloplasty, additive manufacturing technology such as the use of rapid prototyping, fabricates stereolithographic models and cutting guides to be used in the operating room to improve surgical performance.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9" />
Prior to the surgical procedure, the alloplastic implant that will be used to repair or substitute the patients defect is designed to be biocompatible with the patient's specific body tissue.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> The purpose and longevity of the alloplastic implant is also taken into account when considering the materials that are used to create the implant and the structure in order to be able to fixate the implant into the body safely and securely.<ref name=":6" /> Preventative measures taken to minimise infection include alloplastic implants being thoroughly sterilised through the administration of antibiotics, the implant acting as an antibiotic carrier. The administration of an antibiotic above the minimum biofilm eradication concentration can act as a protective barrier to bacterial adhesion but can also eradicate biofilm remnants.<ref name=":7" /> Another preventative measure to minimise infection is topical antiseptic cleaning in the area of operation. Patients prior to surgical procedure are to be placed on strict hygiene programs to minimise the production of harmful bacteria that may cause infection. Infection can delay the surgical procedure of the alloplastic implant which would cause the patient to further endure the disadvantages of their defect.<ref name=":1" />
After completion of surgical preparation and the creation of a final stock prosthesis, the commencement of the surgical procedure, alloplasty, begins. Alloplasty is performed with the use of anaesthesia. The type of anaesthesia is dependent upon the location of the insertion of the alloplastic implant and the severity of the patient's case, but commonly general anaesthetic and local anaesthetic are utilised. General anaesthetic is applied in major cases but for minor cases, the patient is put under local anaesthetic and intravenous sedation. Once the patient is under anaesthetic, surgeons make the appropriate dissections to insert and stabilise the alloplastic implants.<ref name=":1" /> Post-surgery the patient is monitored over a period of time to identify whether the implant has successfully repaired or substituted the defect of concern, and if infection is present.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Goyal|first1=Shelly|last2=Goyal|first2=Mukesh Kumar|date=June 2014|title=Restoration of Large Cranial Defect for Cranioplasty with Alloplastic Cranial Implant Material: A Case Report|journal=Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society|volume=14|issue=2|pages=191–194|doi=10.1007/s13191-012-0185-y|issn=0972-4052|pmc=3990769|pmid=24757358}}</ref>
== Surgical techniques ==
=== Fixation of alloplastic implants ===
Alloplastic implants are osteoconductive and can bridge wounds by osseointegration.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chim|first1=Harvey|last2=Wetjen|first2=Nicholas|last3=Mardini|first3=Samir|date=August 2014|title=Virtual Surgical Planning in Craniofacial Surgery|journal=Seminars in Plastic Surgery|volume=28|issue=3|pages=150–158|doi=10.1055/s-0034-1384811|issn=1535-2188|pmc=4154978|pmid=25210509}}</ref> After the initial insertion of an alloplastic implant, the implant acts as a guide and pathway for the continuum of bone and tissue reproduction. The alloplastic implant becomes more stabilised and integrated into the surrounding bone as bone production progresses, fixating the implant.<ref name=":8" /> Initially the method to fixate alloplastic implants is by using miniplates and screws to directly attach the implant to the bone to mechanically stabilise it.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In alloplastic surgeries that involve smaller implants, the screw themselves can be used as implants. For example, dental implants can be found in the form of screws. There are two type of screw designs that are suitable as dental implants, screw-root form and plateau-root form designed screws. The two screw designs have different osseointegration outcomes, longevity and healing processes. The screw-root form design is directly threaded into bone and has macroscopic retentive elements for initial bone fixation. A direct connection between bone and the implant provides high initial stability. Over time, screw-root form designs experience bone resorption and “bone modelling and remodelling at the bone to implant interface”.<ref name=":9" />
[[File:Three_Bicon_plateau_root_form_(finned)_implants.tif|thumb|Plateau-root form dental implants of 3 different sizes]]
Plateau-root form designed implants have a different healing process to screw-root form designs. The plateau-root form design has a woven bone formation. In the 0-3 month bone healing phase, osseointegration occurs by intramembranous ossification. Intramembranous ossification provides greater stabilisation and a more significant role in peri-implant bone healing around plateau-root form implants than screw-root form designed implants.<ref name=":9" />
Miniscrews are another type of implant that can be used to anchor and intrude hard surfaces, such as teeth. This type of implant can stabilise intrusive movement to a certain extent with a varying percentage of relapse of intrusion. Advantages of miniscrews are that they are easily inserted and removed, cheaper compared to other implants, are flexible in regards to insertion sites and cause a lower level of discomfort for the patient. Miniscrews are also able to provide stability without flap surgery and has a “short healing period and immediate loading”.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Paik|first1=Cheol-Ho|title=PREFACE|date=2009|work=Orthodontic Miniscrew Implants|pages=v|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780723434023|last2=Park|first2=In-Kwon|last3=Woo|first3=Youngjoo|last4=Kim|first4=Tae-Woo|doi=10.1016/b978-0-7234-3402-3.50004-7}}</ref>
The approach for the fixation of alloplastic implants will be dependent upon the circumstance of the surgical operation and the required stability of the implant. Some patients will require a combination of approaches. The approach taken to surgically fixate an alloplastic implant can also because of the type of synthetic material that the implant is made of to suit its purposes.<ref name=":1" /> The alloplastic implant must also be biocompatible with the hosts tissues by being “non-toxic, non-allergenic, non-carcinogenic and non-inflammatory”.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-65/issue-10/559.html|title=The Clinical Applications of Synthetic Bone Alloplast|website=www.cda-adc.ca|access-date=2019-05-12}}</ref>
== Current use in Medicine ==
=== Defect reconstruction ===
[[File:Xilloc_Patient_Specific_Implant_Titanium.png|thumb|Implant creation sequence: CT scan to CAD to 3D printed titanium cranial implant]]
Alloplasty is a method for synthetic implants to be inserted into the body to aid physical and mental function.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cabin|first1=Jonathan A.|last2=Bassiri-Tehrani|first2=Michael|last3=Sclafani|first3=Anthony P.|last4=Romo|first4=Thomas|date=November 2014|title=Microtia Reconstruction|journal=Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America|volume=22|issue=4|pages=623–638|doi=10.1016/j.fsc.2014.07.004|pmid=25444733|issn=1064-7406}}</ref> The procedure can be performed to reconstruct defects such as cranial defects.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Landor|first1=I.|last2=Vavrík|first2=P.|last3=Jahoda|first3=D.|date=2005|title=[General principles of infection treatment in joint replacements]|journal=Acta Chirurgiae Orthopaedicae et Traumatologiae Cechoslovaca|volume=72|issue=3|pages=183–190|issn=0001-5415|pmid=16105503}}</ref> A common synthetic material used in the production of alloplastic grafts for craniotomy is heat-cure polymethyl methacrylate resin due to being nonconductive, radiolucent, light in weight and is easily modified to smoothly mould to the shape of the skull.<ref name=":10" /> The non-conduciveness and biocompatibility of polymethyl methacrylate resin and alloplastic materials in general, provides the ability for alloplastic implants to be used in aiding brain defects that may have been caused by decompressive craniectomy.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10" /> Porous titanium implants can also be used to correct calvarial defects such as "subdural hematoma and meningioma".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cho|first1=Hyung Rok|last2=Roh|first2=Tae Suk|last3=Shim|first3=Kyu Won|last4=Kim|first4=Yong Oock|last5=Lew|first5=Dae Hyun|last6=Yun|first6=In Sik|date=April 2015|title=Skull Reconstruction with Custom Made Three-Dimensional Titanium Implant|journal=Archives of Craniofacial Surgery|volume=16|issue=1|pages=11–16|doi=10.7181/acfs.2015.16.1.11|issn=2287-1152|pmc=5556788|pmid=28913212}}</ref> Implants promote bone formation in osseous defects created by trauma or surgical intervention.<ref name=":7" /> Custom stock prosthetic implants reconstruct the cranial defects where the skull is too fragmented to be recovered or where bone has become infected and is required to be replaced.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" /> Cranial implants are placed and secured through surgical stabilisation using surgical wires, mini plates and screws to fill gaps in the bone of the skull, called the bone flap.<ref name=":10" /> The conduct of alloplasty on the cranium restores lost or deficient use of the brain through the repair of mechanical defects, but is also able to provide fixations for cosmetic purposes to restore natural anatomy.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />
=== Cosmetic enhancement and augmentation ===
Alloplastic implants can be used in cosmetic facial surgery to restore volume in areas of the face and “can be serviced or removed without maximally invasive surgery".<ref name=":6" /> Implants ideally are “nonantigenic, durable, non-toxic and resistant to infection".<ref name=":2">{{Citation|last1=Banki|first1=Mohammad|title=Infections Associated with Aesthetic Facial Surgery|date=2016|work=Head, Neck, and Orofacial Infections|pages=366–372|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780323289450|last2=Castiglione|first2=Charles L.|last3=Ferneini|first3=Elie M.|doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-28945-0.00026-0}}</ref> Cosmetic enhancement can be desired for multiple reasons including the physical changes associated with ageing. The continuous change in facial structure and need for volume restoration due to ageing requires implants that can be easily replaced, cost effective, permanent if desired and a reversible procedure. Silicone implants can provide a three-dimensional (3D) augmentation when anchored to the facial skeleton with screws. Implants made from silicone are able to be replaced and reversed in procedure as the silicone is not integrated into skin tissue but is surrounded by a dense and fibrous tissue capsule. Other materials alloplastic implants are made of for cosmetic enhancement include “expanded polytetrafluorethylene and porous polyethylene” which are all biocompatible".<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2" />
Facial implants that are left immobilised and that create pressure against bone can cause bone resorption. For example, chin implants that are immobilised create pressure on the anterior mandible which can cause an increase in bone resorption. Facial implants that are placed in a supraperiosteal plane centrally and subperiosteal plane laterally minimise bone resorption. The supraperiosteal plane placement of the implant minimises the degree of contact to the bone as the implant is immobilised and the subperiosteal plane has lateral pockets that fixate the implant. Chin implants can also be fixated and equally remove pressure from bone through the use of screw fixation.<ref>{{Citation|last=Sykes|first=Jonathan M.|chapter=Complications of Facial Implants|date=2009|pages=671–676|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9781416042204|doi=10.1016/b978-141604220-4.50054-7|title=Complications in Head and Neck Surgery}}</ref>
== Adverse effects ==
=== Disadvantages ===
A disadvantage of alloplasty is that there are certain requirements for a patient to have long term stability of an alloplastic implant.<ref name=":9" /> This can be dependent upon age and health conditions of the patient. The patient must have sufficient maintenance of alveolar bone structure and minimise alveolar bone loss. For example, the removal of teeth results in accelerated loss of facial bone with the alveolar bone receding, resorbing and then disappearing. In the span of 2–3 years, patients can experience 40-60% of alveolar bone loss. Severe bone and tissue loss can make it difficult for the proceeding with alloplasty as procedural plans about regenerating bone through alloplastic implants become more complex.<ref name=":5" />
[[File:Mock_up_of_artificial_shoulder.jpg|thumb|Mock up of artificial shoulder implant that remained in a patient for two years, until removed due to infection.]]
Another disadvantage with alloplasty is that alloplastic grafts and implants can cause inflammation or be completely rejected by the body and needs to be removed.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Jordan|first1=David R.|last2=St. Onge|first2=Pam|last3=Anderson|first3=Richard L.|last4=Patrinely|first4=James R.|last5=Nerad|first5=Jeffrey A.|date=1992-10-01|title=Complications Associated with Alloplastic Implants used in Orbital Fracture Repair|journal=Ophthalmology|volume=99|issue=10|pages=1600–1608|doi=10.1016/S0161-6420(92)31760-9|pmid=1454329|issn=0161-6420}}</ref> Alloplasty as a form of reconstructive surgery can be expensive.<ref name=":12" /> The need to remove and replace a rejected alloplastic graft or implant increases costs for the patient and prolongs the time the patient must endure the defect of concern. For patients that are successful with alloplasty, may experience long recovery times. This is because the patient's body needs to adapt to the foreign material and integrate the alloplastic implant or graft with its surrounding tissue.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":3" />
The surgical technique of alloplasty if completed incorrectly can cause significant and irreversible damage to surrounding nerves by the improper placement of osteotomy. For example, in osteoplastic genioplasty, the risk of injuring a mental nerve is high. If the mental nerve injured or damaged, the lower lip and front of the chin can perceptually feel numb.<ref name=":11" />
=== Complications ===
[[File:Fractured_implant.jpg|thumb|Fractured implant and abutment screw in tooth socket]]
Although evidence gathered by case-by-case studies have proposed that alloplasty is a viable alternative to other forms of transplants, there can be complications.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" /> Alloplastic implants that are not thoroughly sanitised can be contaminated. Contaminated implants attached to a surface in the body creates an enclosed slimy matrix called biofilm, which protects bacterial organisms from the body's defence mechanisms and antibiotics. The bacteria can infect the bloodstream and cause body tissues to become dysfunctional and suppress the body's immune system. A suppressed immune system exacerbates the growth of invading bacteria.<ref name=":7" /> Infection is predominant cause of removal of alloplastic implants. A disadvantage of the removal of an infected implant is that bone defects that the implant was responsible for, continue to exist. Another complication is that some synthetic organic materials such as fisiograft, that are used to make alloplastic implants can be hydrolytically decomposed which “leads to a local acidulation of the tissue and causes an inflammatory reaction during absorption”.<ref name=":11" /> There can be complications with the long term function of alloplastic implants, if implants are poorly engineered and inadequately fixated. Improper fixation and numerous biomechanical and mechanical factors can contribute to the fracture of alloplastic implants or prostheses, loosening of alloplastic implants and reduced or complete loss of osseointegration. Biomechanical overload from the use of bone as leverage, creating leverage force, can place enormous stress on the implant as well as the bone–implant interface.<ref name=":11" />
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<!--- Categories --->
[[Category:Plastic surgery]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit ($1) (edit_diff) | '@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@
{{Orphan|date=June 2019}}
-'''Alloplasty''' is a [[surgical procedure]] performed to substitute and repair defects within the body with the use of [[synthetic fibers|synthetic material]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Chandran|first1=Ravi|last2=Keeler|first2=Gary D.|last3=Christensen|first3=Andrew M.|last4=Weimer|first4=Katherine A.|last5=Caloss|first5=Ron|date=January 2011|title=Application of Virtual Surgical Planning for Total Joint Reconstruction With a Stock Alloplast System|journal=Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery|volume=69|issue=1|pages=285–294|doi=10.1016/j.joms.2010.03.010|pmid=20727647|issn=0278-2391}}</ref> It can also be performed in order to bridge [[wound]]s.<ref name=":0" /> The process of undergoing alloplasty involves the construction of an alloplastic [[graft (surgery)|graft]] through the use of computed tomography ([[CT scan|CT]]), rapid [[prototyping]] and "the use of computer-assisted virtual model surgery."<ref name=":0" /> Each alloplastic graft is individually constructed and customised according to the patient's defect to address their personal health issue.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Martinez|first=Jaime Mejia|date=2003-11-01|title=Use of Multiple Alloplastic Implants for Cosmetic Enhancement of Structural Maxillofacial Hypoplasia|journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal|volume=23|issue=6|pages=433–440|doi=10.1016/j.asj.2003.09.005|pmid=19336114|issn=1090-820X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Alloplasty can be applied in the form of reconstructive surgery. An example where alloplasty is applied in [[reconstructive surgery]] is in aiding cranial defects.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Anand R.|last2=Bradley|first2=James P.|last3=Harshbarger|first3=Raymond|last4=Stevens|first4=Fred|last5=Bell|first5=Randy|last6=Moores|first6=Leon|last7=Armonda|first7=Rocco|date=March 2011|title=Warfare-Related Craniectomy Defect Reconstruction: Early Success Using Custom Alloplast Implants|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=127|issue=3|pages=1279–1287|doi=10.1097/prs.0b013e318205f47c|pmid=21364428|s2cid=12772675|issn=0032-1052}}</ref> The insertion and fixation of alloplastic implants can also be applied in cosmetic enhancement and augmentation.<ref name=":6">{{Citation|last=Niamtu|first=Joe|chapter=Evaluation of the Cosmetic Facial Surgery Patient|date=2018|pages=15–31|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780323393935|doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-39393-5.00002-9|title=Cosmetic Facial Surgery}}</ref> Since the inception of alloplasty, it has been proposed that it could be a viable alternative to other forms of transplants. The [[biocompatibility]] and customisation of alloplastic implants and grafts provides a method that may be suitable for both minor and major medical cases that may have more limitations in surgical approach. Although there has been evidence that alloplasty is a viable method for repairing and substituting defects, there are disadvantages including suitability of patient bone quality and quantity for long term implant stability, possibility of rejection of the alloplastic implant, injuring surrounding nerves, cost of procedure and long recovery times.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOHvAgAAQBAJ&q=disadvantages+of+alloplasty&pg=PA728|title=Porous Silicon: Formation and Properties|last=Korotcentkov|first=Ghenadii|date=2015-11-09|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781576263846}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Winkler|first1=Heinz|last2=Haiden|first2=Peter|date=2017-01-01|title=Allograft Bone as Antibiotic Carrier|journal=Journal of Bone and Joint Infection|volume=2|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.7150/jbji.17466|issn=2206-3552|pmc=5423575|pmid=28529864}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|chapter=Oral Surgery|date=2010-11-26|pages=45|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780340945896|doi=10.1201/b13386-8|title=Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Second edition}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Mah|first=J.|date=2004-10-01|title=The efficacy of various alloplastic bone grafts on the healing of rat calvarial defects|journal=The European Journal of Orthodontics|volume=26|issue=5|pages=475–482|doi=10.1093/ejo/26.5.475|pmid=15536835|issn=0141-5387|doi-access=free}}</ref> Complications can also occur from inadequate engineering of alloplastic implants and grafts, and poor implant fixation to bone. These include infection, inflammatory reactions, the fracture of alloplastic implants and prostheses, loosening of implants or reduced or complete loss of osseointegration.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Leonard|first1=Gary|last2=Coelho|first2=Paulo|last3=Polyzois|first3=Ioannis|last4=Stassen|first4=Leo|last5=Claffey|first5=Noel|date=March 2009|title=A study of the bone healing kinetics of plateau versus screw root design titanium dental implants|url=http://www.eduardojanuzzi.com.br/artigosRecomendados/2009/comparacao_plateau_rosca.pdfLeonard%20G,%20Coelho%20P,%20Polyzois%20I,%20Stassen%20L,%20Claffey%20N.%20A%20study%20of%20the%20bone%20healing%20kinetics%20of%20plateau%20versus%20screw%20root%20design%20titanium%20dental%20implants.%20Clin.%20Oral%20Impl.%20Res.%2020,%202009;%20232%E2%80%93239.%20doi:%2010.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01640.x|journal=Clinical Oral Implants Research|volume=20|issue=3|pages=232–239|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01640.x|pmid=19397634|issn=0905-7161}}</ref>
+Hi guys Im vikram any quay contact me'''Alloplasty''' is a [[surgical procedure]] performed to substitute and repair defects within the body with the use of [[synthetic fibers|synthetic material]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Chandran|first1=Ravi|last2=Keeler|first2=Gary D.|last3=Christensen|first3=Andrew M.|last4=Weimer|first4=Katherine A.|last5=Caloss|first5=Ron|date=January 2011|title=Application of Virtual Surgical Planning for Total Joint Reconstruction With a Stock Alloplast System|journal=Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery|volume=69|issue=1|pages=285–294|doi=10.1016/j.joms.2010.03.010|pmid=20727647|issn=0278-2391}}</ref> It can also be performed in order to bridge [[wound]]s.<ref name=":0" /> The process of undergoing alloplasty involves the construction of an alloplastic [[graft (surgery)|graft]] through the use of computed tomography ([[CT scan|CT]]), rapid [[prototyping]] and "the use of computer-assisted virtual model surgery."<ref name=":0" /> Each alloplastic graft is individually constructed and customised according to the patient's defect to address their personal health issue.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Martinez|first=Jaime Mejia|date=2003-11-01|title=Use of Multiple Alloplastic Implants for Cosmetic Enhancement of Structural Maxillofacial Hypoplasia|journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal|volume=23|issue=6|pages=433–440|doi=10.1016/j.asj.2003.09.005|pmid=19336114|issn=1090-820X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Alloplasty can be applied in the form of reconstructive surgery. An example where alloplasty is applied in [[reconstructive surgery]] is in aiding cranial defects.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Anand R.|last2=Bradley|first2=James P.|last3=Harshbarger|first3=Raymond|last4=Stevens|first4=Fred|last5=Bell|first5=Randy|last6=Moores|first6=Leon|last7=Armonda|first7=Rocco|date=March 2011|title=Warfare-Related Craniectomy Defect Reconstruction: Early Success Using Custom Alloplast Implants|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=127|issue=3|pages=1279–1287|doi=10.1097/prs.0b013e318205f47c|pmid=21364428|s2cid=12772675|issn=0032-1052}}</ref> The insertion and fixation of alloplastic implants can also be applied in cosmetic enhancement and augmentation.<ref name=":6">{{Citation|last=Niamtu|first=Joe|chapter=Evaluation of the Cosmetic Facial Surgery Patient|date=2018|pages=15–31|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780323393935|doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-39393-5.00002-9|title=Cosmetic Facial Surgery}}</ref> Since the inception of alloplasty, it has been proposed that it could be a viable alternative to other forms of transplants. The [[biocompatibility]] and customisation of alloplastic implants and grafts provides a method that may be suitable for both minor and major medical cases that may have more limitations in surgical approach. Although there has been evidence that alloplasty is a viable method for repairing and substituting defects, there are disadvantages including suitability of patient bone quality and quantity for long term implant stability, possibility of rejection of the alloplastic implant, injuring surrounding nerves, cost of procedure and long recovery times.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOHvAgAAQBAJ&q=disadvantages+of+alloplasty&pg=PA728|title=Porous Silicon: Formation and Properties|last=Korotcentkov|first=Ghenadii|date=2015-11-09|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781576263846}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Winkler|first1=Heinz|last2=Haiden|first2=Peter|date=2017-01-01|title=Allograft Bone as Antibiotic Carrier|journal=Journal of Bone and Joint Infection|volume=2|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.7150/jbji.17466|issn=2206-3552|pmc=5423575|pmid=28529864}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|chapter=Oral Surgery|date=2010-11-26|pages=45|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780340945896|doi=10.1201/b13386-8|title=Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Second edition}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Mah|first=J.|date=2004-10-01|title=The efficacy of various alloplastic bone grafts on the healing of rat calvarial defects|journal=The European Journal of Orthodontics|volume=26|issue=5|pages=475–482|doi=10.1093/ejo/26.5.475|pmid=15536835|issn=0141-5387|doi-access=free}}</ref> Complications can also occur from inadequate engineering of alloplastic implants and grafts, and poor implant fixation to bone. These include infection, inflammatory reactions, the fracture of alloplastic implants and prostheses, loosening of implants or reduced or complete loss of osseointegration.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Leonard|first1=Gary|last2=Coelho|first2=Paulo|last3=Polyzois|first3=Ioannis|last4=Stassen|first4=Leo|last5=Claffey|first5=Noel|date=March 2009|title=A study of the bone healing kinetics of plateau versus screw root design titanium dental implants|url=http://www.eduardojanuzzi.com.br/artigosRecomendados/2009/comparacao_plateau_rosca.pdfLeonard%20G,%20Coelho%20P,%20Polyzois%20I,%20Stassen%20L,%20Claffey%20N.%20A%20study%20of%20the%20bone%20healing%20kinetics%20of%20plateau%20versus%20screw%20root%20design%20titanium%20dental%20implants.%20Clin.%20Oral%20Impl.%20Res.%2020,%202009;%20232%E2%80%93239.%20doi:%2010.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01640.x|journal=Clinical Oral Implants Research|volume=20|issue=3|pages=232–239|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01640.x|pmid=19397634|issn=0905-7161}}</ref>
== Procedure ==
' |
New page size ($1) (new_size) | 22571 |
Old page size ($1) (old_size) | 22534 |
Size change in edit ($1) (edit_delta) | 37 |
Lines added in edit ($1) (added_lines) | [
0 => 'Hi guys Im vikram any quay contact me'''Alloplasty''' is a [[surgical procedure]] performed to substitute and repair defects within the body with the use of [[synthetic fibers|synthetic material]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Chandran|first1=Ravi|last2=Keeler|first2=Gary D.|last3=Christensen|first3=Andrew M.|last4=Weimer|first4=Katherine A.|last5=Caloss|first5=Ron|date=January 2011|title=Application of Virtual Surgical Planning for Total Joint Reconstruction With a Stock Alloplast System|journal=Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery|volume=69|issue=1|pages=285–294|doi=10.1016/j.joms.2010.03.010|pmid=20727647|issn=0278-2391}}</ref> It can also be performed in order to bridge [[wound]]s.<ref name=":0" /> The process of undergoing alloplasty involves the construction of an alloplastic [[graft (surgery)|graft]] through the use of computed tomography ([[CT scan|CT]]), rapid [[prototyping]] and "the use of computer-assisted virtual model surgery."<ref name=":0" /> Each alloplastic graft is individually constructed and customised according to the patient's defect to address their personal health issue.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Martinez|first=Jaime Mejia|date=2003-11-01|title=Use of Multiple Alloplastic Implants for Cosmetic Enhancement of Structural Maxillofacial Hypoplasia|journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal|volume=23|issue=6|pages=433–440|doi=10.1016/j.asj.2003.09.005|pmid=19336114|issn=1090-820X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Alloplasty can be applied in the form of reconstructive surgery. An example where alloplasty is applied in [[reconstructive surgery]] is in aiding cranial defects.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Anand R.|last2=Bradley|first2=James P.|last3=Harshbarger|first3=Raymond|last4=Stevens|first4=Fred|last5=Bell|first5=Randy|last6=Moores|first6=Leon|last7=Armonda|first7=Rocco|date=March 2011|title=Warfare-Related Craniectomy Defect Reconstruction: Early Success Using Custom Alloplast Implants|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=127|issue=3|pages=1279–1287|doi=10.1097/prs.0b013e318205f47c|pmid=21364428|s2cid=12772675|issn=0032-1052}}</ref> The insertion and fixation of alloplastic implants can also be applied in cosmetic enhancement and augmentation.<ref name=":6">{{Citation|last=Niamtu|first=Joe|chapter=Evaluation of the Cosmetic Facial Surgery Patient|date=2018|pages=15–31|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780323393935|doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-39393-5.00002-9|title=Cosmetic Facial Surgery}}</ref> Since the inception of alloplasty, it has been proposed that it could be a viable alternative to other forms of transplants. The [[biocompatibility]] and customisation of alloplastic implants and grafts provides a method that may be suitable for both minor and major medical cases that may have more limitations in surgical approach. Although there has been evidence that alloplasty is a viable method for repairing and substituting defects, there are disadvantages including suitability of patient bone quality and quantity for long term implant stability, possibility of rejection of the alloplastic implant, injuring surrounding nerves, cost of procedure and long recovery times.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOHvAgAAQBAJ&q=disadvantages+of+alloplasty&pg=PA728|title=Porous Silicon: Formation and Properties|last=Korotcentkov|first=Ghenadii|date=2015-11-09|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781576263846}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Winkler|first1=Heinz|last2=Haiden|first2=Peter|date=2017-01-01|title=Allograft Bone as Antibiotic Carrier|journal=Journal of Bone and Joint Infection|volume=2|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.7150/jbji.17466|issn=2206-3552|pmc=5423575|pmid=28529864}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|chapter=Oral Surgery|date=2010-11-26|pages=45|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780340945896|doi=10.1201/b13386-8|title=Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Second edition}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Mah|first=J.|date=2004-10-01|title=The efficacy of various alloplastic bone grafts on the healing of rat calvarial defects|journal=The European Journal of Orthodontics|volume=26|issue=5|pages=475–482|doi=10.1093/ejo/26.5.475|pmid=15536835|issn=0141-5387|doi-access=free}}</ref> Complications can also occur from inadequate engineering of alloplastic implants and grafts, and poor implant fixation to bone. These include infection, inflammatory reactions, the fracture of alloplastic implants and prostheses, loosening of implants or reduced or complete loss of osseointegration.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Leonard|first1=Gary|last2=Coelho|first2=Paulo|last3=Polyzois|first3=Ioannis|last4=Stassen|first4=Leo|last5=Claffey|first5=Noel|date=March 2009|title=A study of the bone healing kinetics of plateau versus screw root design titanium dental implants|url=http://www.eduardojanuzzi.com.br/artigosRecomendados/2009/comparacao_plateau_rosca.pdfLeonard%20G,%20Coelho%20P,%20Polyzois%20I,%20Stassen%20L,%20Claffey%20N.%20A%20study%20of%20the%20bone%20healing%20kinetics%20of%20plateau%20versus%20screw%20root%20design%20titanium%20dental%20implants.%20Clin.%20Oral%20Impl.%20Res.%2020,%202009;%20232%E2%80%93239.%20doi:%2010.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01640.x|journal=Clinical Oral Implants Research|volume=20|issue=3|pages=232–239|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01640.x|pmid=19397634|issn=0905-7161}}</ref>'
] |
Lines removed in edit ($1) (removed_lines) | [
0 => ''''Alloplasty''' is a [[surgical procedure]] performed to substitute and repair defects within the body with the use of [[synthetic fibers|synthetic material]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Chandran|first1=Ravi|last2=Keeler|first2=Gary D.|last3=Christensen|first3=Andrew M.|last4=Weimer|first4=Katherine A.|last5=Caloss|first5=Ron|date=January 2011|title=Application of Virtual Surgical Planning for Total Joint Reconstruction With a Stock Alloplast System|journal=Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery|volume=69|issue=1|pages=285–294|doi=10.1016/j.joms.2010.03.010|pmid=20727647|issn=0278-2391}}</ref> It can also be performed in order to bridge [[wound]]s.<ref name=":0" /> The process of undergoing alloplasty involves the construction of an alloplastic [[graft (surgery)|graft]] through the use of computed tomography ([[CT scan|CT]]), rapid [[prototyping]] and "the use of computer-assisted virtual model surgery."<ref name=":0" /> Each alloplastic graft is individually constructed and customised according to the patient's defect to address their personal health issue.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Martinez|first=Jaime Mejia|date=2003-11-01|title=Use of Multiple Alloplastic Implants for Cosmetic Enhancement of Structural Maxillofacial Hypoplasia|journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal|volume=23|issue=6|pages=433–440|doi=10.1016/j.asj.2003.09.005|pmid=19336114|issn=1090-820X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Alloplasty can be applied in the form of reconstructive surgery. An example where alloplasty is applied in [[reconstructive surgery]] is in aiding cranial defects.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Anand R.|last2=Bradley|first2=James P.|last3=Harshbarger|first3=Raymond|last4=Stevens|first4=Fred|last5=Bell|first5=Randy|last6=Moores|first6=Leon|last7=Armonda|first7=Rocco|date=March 2011|title=Warfare-Related Craniectomy Defect Reconstruction: Early Success Using Custom Alloplast Implants|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=127|issue=3|pages=1279–1287|doi=10.1097/prs.0b013e318205f47c|pmid=21364428|s2cid=12772675|issn=0032-1052}}</ref> The insertion and fixation of alloplastic implants can also be applied in cosmetic enhancement and augmentation.<ref name=":6">{{Citation|last=Niamtu|first=Joe|chapter=Evaluation of the Cosmetic Facial Surgery Patient|date=2018|pages=15–31|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780323393935|doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-39393-5.00002-9|title=Cosmetic Facial Surgery}}</ref> Since the inception of alloplasty, it has been proposed that it could be a viable alternative to other forms of transplants. The [[biocompatibility]] and customisation of alloplastic implants and grafts provides a method that may be suitable for both minor and major medical cases that may have more limitations in surgical approach. Although there has been evidence that alloplasty is a viable method for repairing and substituting defects, there are disadvantages including suitability of patient bone quality and quantity for long term implant stability, possibility of rejection of the alloplastic implant, injuring surrounding nerves, cost of procedure and long recovery times.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOHvAgAAQBAJ&q=disadvantages+of+alloplasty&pg=PA728|title=Porous Silicon: Formation and Properties|last=Korotcentkov|first=Ghenadii|date=2015-11-09|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781576263846}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Winkler|first1=Heinz|last2=Haiden|first2=Peter|date=2017-01-01|title=Allograft Bone as Antibiotic Carrier|journal=Journal of Bone and Joint Infection|volume=2|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.7150/jbji.17466|issn=2206-3552|pmc=5423575|pmid=28529864}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|chapter=Oral Surgery|date=2010-11-26|pages=45|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780340945896|doi=10.1201/b13386-8|title=Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Second edition}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Mah|first=J.|date=2004-10-01|title=The efficacy of various alloplastic bone grafts on the healing of rat calvarial defects|journal=The European Journal of Orthodontics|volume=26|issue=5|pages=475–482|doi=10.1093/ejo/26.5.475|pmid=15536835|issn=0141-5387|doi-access=free}}</ref> Complications can also occur from inadequate engineering of alloplastic implants and grafts, and poor implant fixation to bone. These include infection, inflammatory reactions, the fracture of alloplastic implants and prostheses, loosening of implants or reduced or complete loss of osseointegration.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Leonard|first1=Gary|last2=Coelho|first2=Paulo|last3=Polyzois|first3=Ioannis|last4=Stassen|first4=Leo|last5=Claffey|first5=Noel|date=March 2009|title=A study of the bone healing kinetics of plateau versus screw root design titanium dental implants|url=http://www.eduardojanuzzi.com.br/artigosRecomendados/2009/comparacao_plateau_rosca.pdfLeonard%20G,%20Coelho%20P,%20Polyzois%20I,%20Stassen%20L,%20Claffey%20N.%20A%20study%20of%20the%20bone%20healing%20kinetics%20of%20plateau%20versus%20screw%20root%20design%20titanium%20dental%20implants.%20Clin.%20Oral%20Impl.%20Res.%2020,%202009;%20232%E2%80%93239.%20doi:%2010.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01640.x|journal=Clinical Oral Implants Research|volume=20|issue=3|pages=232–239|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01640.x|pmid=19397634|issn=0905-7161}}</ref>'
] |
All external links added in the edit ($1) (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit ($1) (removed_links) | [] |
All external links in the new text ($1) (all_links) | [
0 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joms.2010.03.010',
1 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0278-2391',
2 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20727647',
3 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asj.2003.09.005',
4 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1090-820X',
5 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19336114',
6 => 'https://doi.org/10.1097%2Fprs.0b013e318205f47c',
7 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-1052',
8 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21364428',
9 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12772675',
10 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-323-39393-5.00002-9',
11 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=YOHvAgAAQBAJ&q=disadvantages+of+alloplasty&pg=PA728',
12 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5423575',
13 => 'https://doi.org/10.7150%2Fjbji.17466',
14 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2206-3552',
15 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28529864',
16 => 'https://doi.org/10.1201%2Fb13386-8',
17 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejo%2F26.5.475',
18 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0141-5387',
19 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15536835',
20 => 'http://www.eduardojanuzzi.com.br/artigosRecomendados/2009/comparacao_plateau_rosca.pdfLeonard%20G,%20Coelho%20P,%20Polyzois%20I,%20Stassen%20L,%20Claffey%20N.%20A%20study%20of%20the%20bone%20healing%20kinetics%20of%20plateau%20versus%20screw%20root%20design%20titanium%20dental%20implants.%20Clin.%20Oral%20Impl.%20Res.%2020,%202009;%20232%E2%80%93239.%20doi:%2010.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01640.x',
21 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0501.2008.01640.x',
22 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0905-7161',
23 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19397634',
24 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3990769',
25 => 'https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13191-012-0185-y',
26 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0972-4052',
27 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24757358',
28 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4154978',
29 => 'https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0034-1384811',
30 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1535-2188',
31 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25210509',
32 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-7234-3402-3.50004-7',
33 => 'https://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-65/issue-10/559.html',
34 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fsc.2014.07.004',
35 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1064-7406',
36 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25444733',
37 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-5415',
38 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16105503',
39 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5556788',
40 => 'https://doi.org/10.7181%2Facfs.2015.16.1.11',
41 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2287-1152',
42 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28913212',
43 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-323-28945-0.00026-0',
44 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-141604220-4.50054-7',
45 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0161-6420(92)31760-9',
46 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-6420',
47 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1454329',
48 => 'https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Alloplasty'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit ($1) (old_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.eduardojanuzzi.com.br/artigosRecomendados/2009/comparacao_plateau_rosca.pdfLeonard%20G,%20Coelho%20P,%20Polyzois%20I,%20Stassen%20L,%20Claffey%20N.%20A%20study%20of%20the%20bone%20healing%20kinetics%20of%20plateau%20versus%20screw%20root%20design%20titanium%20dental%20implants.%20Clin.%20Oral%20Impl.%20Res.%2020,%202009;%20232%E2%80%93239.%20doi:%2010.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01640.x',
1 => 'https://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-65/issue-10/559.html',
2 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12772675',
3 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=YOHvAgAAQBAJ&q=disadvantages+of+alloplasty&pg=PA728',
4 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joms.2010.03.010',
5 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0278-2391',
6 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20727647',
7 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asj.2003.09.005',
8 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1090-820X',
9 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19336114',
10 => 'https://doi.org/10.1097%2Fprs.0b013e318205f47c',
11 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-1052',
12 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21364428',
13 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-323-39393-5.00002-9',
14 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5423575',
15 => 'https://doi.org/10.7150%2Fjbji.17466',
16 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2206-3552',
17 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28529864',
18 => 'https://doi.org/10.1201%2Fb13386-8',
19 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejo%2F26.5.475',
20 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0141-5387',
21 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15536835',
22 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0501.2008.01640.x',
23 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0905-7161',
24 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19397634',
25 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3990769',
26 => 'https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13191-012-0185-y',
27 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0972-4052',
28 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24757358',
29 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4154978',
30 => 'https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0034-1384811',
31 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1535-2188',
32 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25210509',
33 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-7234-3402-3.50004-7',
34 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fsc.2014.07.004',
35 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1064-7406',
36 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25444733',
37 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-5415',
38 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16105503',
39 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5556788',
40 => 'https://doi.org/10.7181%2Facfs.2015.16.1.11',
41 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2287-1152',
42 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28913212',
43 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-323-28945-0.00026-0',
44 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-141604220-4.50054-7',
45 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0161-6420(92)31760-9',
46 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-6420',
47 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1454329',
48 => 'https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Alloplasty'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision ($1) (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Surgical procedure</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Orphan plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Orphan" role="presentation" style="display: none"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan" title="Wikipedia:Orphan">orphan</a>, as no other articles <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Alloplasty&namespace=0">link to it</a></b>. Please <a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">introduce links</a> to this page from <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Alloplasty&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Alloplasty">related articles</a></span>; try the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Alloplasty">Find link tool</a> for suggestions. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Hi guys Im vikram any quay contact me<b>Alloplasty</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Surgical_procedure" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical procedure">surgical procedure</a> performed to substitute and repair defects within the body with the use of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic fibers">synthetic material</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a></sup> It can also be performed in order to bridge <a href="/wiki/Wound" title="Wound">wounds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a></sup> The process of undergoing alloplasty involves the construction of an alloplastic <a href="/wiki/Graft_(surgery)" title="Graft (surgery)">graft</a> through the use of computed tomography (<a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT</a>), rapid <a href="/wiki/Prototyping" class="mw-redirect" title="Prototyping">prototyping</a> and "the use of computer-assisted virtual model surgery."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a></sup> Each alloplastic graft is individually constructed and customised according to the patient's defect to address their personal health issue.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a></sup> Alloplasty can be applied in the form of reconstructive surgery. An example where alloplasty is applied in <a href="/wiki/Reconstructive_surgery" title="Reconstructive surgery">reconstructive surgery</a> is in aiding cranial defects.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a></sup> The insertion and fixation of alloplastic implants can also be applied in cosmetic enhancement and augmentation.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4">[4]</a></sup> Since the inception of alloplasty, it has been proposed that it could be a viable alternative to other forms of transplants. The <a href="/wiki/Biocompatibility" title="Biocompatibility">biocompatibility</a> and customisation of alloplastic implants and grafts provides a method that may be suitable for both minor and major medical cases that may have more limitations in surgical approach. Although there has been evidence that alloplasty is a viable method for repairing and substituting defects, there are disadvantages including suitability of patient bone quality and quantity for long term implant stability, possibility of rejection of the alloplastic implant, injuring surrounding nerves, cost of procedure and long recovery times.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-8">[8]</a></sup> Complications can also occur from inadequate engineering of alloplastic implants and grafts, and poor implant fixation to bone. These include infection, inflammatory reactions, the fracture of alloplastic implants and prostheses, loosening of implants or reduced or complete loss of osseointegration.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Procedure"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Procedure</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Surgical_techniques"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Surgical techniques</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Fixation_of_alloplastic_implants"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Fixation of alloplastic implants</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Current_use_in_Medicine"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Current use in Medicine</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Defect_reconstruction"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Defect reconstruction</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Cosmetic_enhancement_and_augmentation"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cosmetic enhancement and augmentation</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Adverse_effects"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Adverse effects</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Disadvantages"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Disadvantages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Complications"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Complications</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Procedure">Procedure</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/w/index.php?title=Alloplasty&action=edit&section=1"title="Edit section: Procedure"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freegingivalgraft_socketpreservation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Freegingivalgraft_socketpreservation.gif/220px-Freegingivalgraft_socketpreservation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Freegingivalgraft_socketpreservation.gif/330px-Freegingivalgraft_socketpreservation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Freegingivalgraft_socketpreservation.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Alloplastic bone packed into socket for maxillary canine, then covered with gingival graft</figcaption></figure>
<p>Generally, alloplasty requires resource-intensive preparation including a computed tomography (CT) scan of the patient. Following the CT scan, computer-assisted design technology such as interactive virtual surgical planning software, is used to design a surgical simulation. The surgical simulation produced can be utilised to manipulate the 3D CT model to “preplan the resection, design cutting guides, and choose the appropriate stock prosthesis size”.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a></sup> To further improve the safety and outcomes of alloplasty, additive manufacturing technology such as the use of rapid prototyping, fabricates stereolithographic models and cutting guides to be used in the operating room to improve surgical performance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Prior to the surgical procedure, the alloplastic implant that will be used to repair or substitute the patients defect is designed to be biocompatible with the patient's specific body tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a></sup> The purpose and longevity of the alloplastic implant is also taken into account when considering the materials that are used to create the implant and the structure in order to be able to fixate the implant into the body safely and securely.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4">[4]</a></sup> Preventative measures taken to minimise infection include alloplastic implants being thoroughly sterilised through the administration of antibiotics, the implant acting as an antibiotic carrier. The administration of an antibiotic above the minimum biofilm eradication concentration can act as a protective barrier to bacterial adhesion but can also eradicate biofilm remnants.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a></sup> Another preventative measure to minimise infection is topical antiseptic cleaning in the area of operation. Patients prior to surgical procedure are to be placed on strict hygiene programs to minimise the production of harmful bacteria that may cause infection. Infection can delay the surgical procedure of the alloplastic implant which would cause the patient to further endure the disadvantages of their defect.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>After completion of surgical preparation and the creation of a final stock prosthesis, the commencement of the surgical procedure, alloplasty, begins. Alloplasty is performed with the use of anaesthesia. The type of anaesthesia is dependent upon the location of the insertion of the alloplastic implant and the severity of the patient's case, but commonly general anaesthetic and local anaesthetic are utilised. General anaesthetic is applied in major cases but for minor cases, the patient is put under local anaesthetic and intravenous sedation. Once the patient is under anaesthetic, surgeons make the appropriate dissections to insert and stabilise the alloplastic implants.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a></sup> Post-surgery the patient is monitored over a period of time to identify whether the implant has successfully repaired or substituted the defect of concern, and if infection is present.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Surgical_techniques">Surgical techniques</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/w/index.php?title=Alloplasty&action=edit&section=2"title="Edit section: Surgical techniques"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Fixation_of_alloplastic_implants">Fixation of alloplastic implants</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/w/index.php?title=Alloplasty&action=edit&section=3"title="Edit section: Fixation of alloplastic implants"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h3>
<p>Alloplastic implants are osteoconductive and can bridge wounds by osseointegration.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> After the initial insertion of an alloplastic implant, the implant acts as a guide and pathway for the continuum of bone and tissue reproduction. The alloplastic implant becomes more stabilised and integrated into the surrounding bone as bone production progresses, fixating the implant.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-8">[8]</a></sup> Initially the method to fixate alloplastic implants is by using miniplates and screws to directly attach the implant to the bone to mechanically stabilise it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a></sup> In alloplastic surgeries that involve smaller implants, the screw themselves can be used as implants. For example, dental implants can be found in the form of screws. There are two type of screw designs that are suitable as dental implants, screw-root form and plateau-root form designed screws. The two screw designs have different osseointegration outcomes, longevity and healing processes. The screw-root form design is directly threaded into bone and has macroscopic retentive elements for initial bone fixation. A direct connection between bone and the implant provides high initial stability. Over time, screw-root form designs experience bone resorption and “bone modelling and remodelling at the bone to implant interface”.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Bicon_plateau_root_form_(finned)_implants.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Three_Bicon_plateau_root_form_%28finned%29_implants.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Three_Bicon_plateau_root_form_%28finned%29_implants.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Three_Bicon_plateau_root_form_%28finned%29_implants.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Three_Bicon_plateau_root_form_%28finned%29_implants.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Three_Bicon_plateau_root_form_%28finned%29_implants.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Three_Bicon_plateau_root_form_%28finned%29_implants.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2869" data-file-height="1924" /></a><figcaption>Plateau-root form dental implants of 3 different sizes</figcaption></figure>
<p>Plateau-root form designed implants have a different healing process to screw-root form designs. The plateau-root form design has a woven bone formation. In the 0-3 month bone healing phase, osseointegration occurs by intramembranous ossification. Intramembranous ossification provides greater stabilisation and a more significant role in peri-implant bone healing around plateau-root form implants than screw-root form designed implants.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Miniscrews are another type of implant that can be used to anchor and intrude hard surfaces, such as teeth. This type of implant can stabilise intrusive movement to a certain extent with a varying percentage of relapse of intrusion. Advantages of miniscrews are that they are easily inserted and removed, cheaper compared to other implants, are flexible in regards to insertion sites and cause a lower level of discomfort for the patient. Miniscrews are also able to provide stability without flap surgery and has a “short healing period and immediate loading”.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>The approach for the fixation of alloplastic implants will be dependent upon the circumstance of the surgical operation and the required stability of the implant. Some patients will require a combination of approaches. The approach taken to surgically fixate an alloplastic implant can also because of the type of synthetic material that the implant is made of to suit its purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a></sup> The alloplastic implant must also be biocompatible with the hosts tissues by being “non-toxic, non-allergenic, non-carcinogenic and non-inflammatory”.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Current_use_in_Medicine">Current use in Medicine</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/w/index.php?title=Alloplasty&action=edit&section=4"title="Edit section: Current use in Medicine"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Defect_reconstruction">Defect reconstruction</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/w/index.php?title=Alloplasty&action=edit&section=5"title="Edit section: Defect reconstruction"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xilloc_Patient_Specific_Implant_Titanium.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Xilloc_Patient_Specific_Implant_Titanium.png/220px-Xilloc_Patient_Specific_Implant_Titanium.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Xilloc_Patient_Specific_Implant_Titanium.png/330px-Xilloc_Patient_Specific_Implant_Titanium.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Xilloc_Patient_Specific_Implant_Titanium.png/440px-Xilloc_Patient_Specific_Implant_Titanium.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Implant creation sequence: CT scan to CAD to 3D printed titanium cranial implant</figcaption></figure>
<p>Alloplasty is a method for synthetic implants to be inserted into the body to aid physical and mental function.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> The procedure can be performed to reconstruct defects such as cranial defects.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-15">[15]</a></sup> A common synthetic material used in the production of alloplastic grafts for craniotomy is heat-cure polymethyl methacrylate resin due to being nonconductive, radiolucent, light in weight and is easily modified to smoothly mould to the shape of the skull.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[10]</a></sup> The non-conduciveness and biocompatibility of polymethyl methacrylate resin and alloplastic materials in general, provides the ability for alloplastic implants to be used in aiding brain defects that may have been caused by decompressive craniectomy.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[10]</a></sup> Porous titanium implants can also be used to correct calvarial defects such as "subdural hematoma and meningioma".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> Implants promote bone formation in osseous defects created by trauma or surgical intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a></sup> Custom stock prosthetic implants reconstruct the cranial defects where the skull is too fragmented to be recovered or where bone has become infected and is required to be replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a></sup> Cranial implants are placed and secured through surgical stabilisation using surgical wires, mini plates and screws to fill gaps in the bone of the skull, called the bone flap.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[10]</a></sup> The conduct of alloplasty on the cranium restores lost or deficient use of the brain through the repair of mechanical defects, but is also able to provide fixations for cosmetic purposes to restore natural anatomy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cosmetic_enhancement_and_augmentation">Cosmetic enhancement and augmentation</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/w/index.php?title=Alloplasty&action=edit&section=6"title="Edit section: Cosmetic enhancement and augmentation"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h3>
<p>Alloplastic implants can be used in cosmetic facial surgery to restore volume in areas of the face and “can be serviced or removed without maximally invasive surgery".<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4">[4]</a></sup> Implants ideally are “nonantigenic, durable, non-toxic and resistant to infection".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a></sup> Cosmetic enhancement can be desired for multiple reasons including the physical changes associated with ageing. The continuous change in facial structure and need for volume restoration due to ageing requires implants that can be easily replaced, cost effective, permanent if desired and a reversible procedure. Silicone implants can provide a three-dimensional (3D) augmentation when anchored to the facial skeleton with screws. Implants made from silicone are able to be replaced and reversed in procedure as the silicone is not integrated into skin tissue but is surrounded by a dense and fibrous tissue capsule. Other materials alloplastic implants are made of for cosmetic enhancement include “expanded polytetrafluorethylene and porous polyethylene” which are all biocompatible".<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>Facial implants that are left immobilised and that create pressure against bone can cause bone resorption. For example, chin implants that are immobilised create pressure on the anterior mandible which can cause an increase in bone resorption. Facial implants that are placed in a supraperiosteal plane centrally and subperiosteal plane laterally minimise bone resorption. The supraperiosteal plane placement of the implant minimises the degree of contact to the bone as the implant is immobilised and the subperiosteal plane has lateral pockets that fixate the implant. Chin implants can also be fixated and equally remove pressure from bone through the use of screw fixation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/w/index.php?title=Alloplasty&action=edit&section=7"title="Edit section: Adverse effects"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/w/index.php?title=Alloplasty&action=edit&section=8"title="Edit section: Disadvantages"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h3>
<p>A disadvantage of alloplasty is that there are certain requirements for a patient to have long term stability of an alloplastic implant.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-9">[9]</a></sup> This can be dependent upon age and health conditions of the patient. The patient must have sufficient maintenance of alveolar bone structure and minimise alveolar bone loss. For example, the removal of teeth results in accelerated loss of facial bone with the alveolar bone receding, resorbing and then disappearing. In the span of 2–3 years, patients can experience 40-60% of alveolar bone loss. Severe bone and tissue loss can make it difficult for the proceeding with alloplasty as procedural plans about regenerating bone through alloplastic implants become more complex.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mock_up_of_artificial_shoulder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mock_up_of_artificial_shoulder.jpg/220px-Mock_up_of_artificial_shoulder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mock_up_of_artificial_shoulder.jpg/330px-Mock_up_of_artificial_shoulder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mock_up_of_artificial_shoulder.jpg/440px-Mock_up_of_artificial_shoulder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Mock up of artificial shoulder implant that remained in a patient for two years, until removed due to infection.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Another disadvantage with alloplasty is that alloplastic grafts and implants can cause inflammation or be completely rejected by the body and needs to be removed.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19">[19]</a></sup> Alloplasty as a form of reconstructive surgery can be expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-15">[15]</a></sup> The need to remove and replace a rejected alloplastic graft or implant increases costs for the patient and prolongs the time the patient must endure the defect of concern. For patients that are successful with alloplasty, may experience long recovery times. This is because the patient's body needs to adapt to the foreign material and integrate the alloplastic implant or graft with its surrounding tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>The surgical technique of alloplasty if completed incorrectly can cause significant and irreversible damage to surrounding nerves by the improper placement of osteotomy. For example, in osteoplastic genioplasty, the risk of injuring a mental nerve is high. If the mental nerve injured or damaged, the lower lip and front of the chin can perceptually feel numb.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Complications">Complications</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/w/index.php?title=Alloplasty&action=edit&section=9"title="Edit section: Complications"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fractured_implant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fractured_implant.jpg/220px-Fractured_implant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fractured_implant.jpg/330px-Fractured_implant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fractured_implant.jpg/440px-Fractured_implant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>Fractured implant and abutment screw in tooth socket</figcaption></figure>
<p>Although evidence gathered by case-by-case studies have proposed that alloplasty is a viable alternative to other forms of transplants, there can be complications.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a></sup> Alloplastic implants that are not thoroughly sanitised can be contaminated. Contaminated implants attached to a surface in the body creates an enclosed slimy matrix called biofilm, which protects bacterial organisms from the body's defence mechanisms and antibiotics. The bacteria can infect the bloodstream and cause body tissues to become dysfunctional and suppress the body's immune system. A suppressed immune system exacerbates the growth of invading bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a></sup> Infection is predominant cause of removal of alloplastic implants. A disadvantage of the removal of an infected implant is that bone defects that the implant was responsible for, continue to exist. Another complication is that some synthetic organic materials such as fisiograft, that are used to make alloplastic implants can be hydrolytically decomposed which “leads to a local acidulation of the tissue and causes an inflammatory reaction during absorption”.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5">[5]</a></sup> There can be complications with the long term function of alloplastic implants, if implants are poorly engineered and inadequately fixated. Improper fixation and numerous biomechanical and mechanical factors can contribute to the fracture of alloplastic implants or prostheses, loosening of alloplastic implants and reduced or complete loss of osseointegration. Biomechanical overload from the use of bone as leverage, creating leverage force, can place enormous stress on the implant as well as the bone–implant interface.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/w/index.php?title=Alloplasty&action=edit&section=10"title="Edit section: References"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChandranKeelerChristensenWeimer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Chandran, Ravi; Keeler, Gary D.; Christensen, Andrew M.; Weimer, Katherine A.; Caloss, Ron (January 2011). "Application of Virtual Surgical Planning for Total Joint Reconstruction With a Stock Alloplast System". <i>Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery</i>. <b>69</b> (1): 285–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joms.2010.03.010">10.1016/j.joms.2010.03.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0278-2391">0278-2391</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20727647">20727647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Oral+and+Maxillofacial+Surgery&rft.atitle=Application+of+Virtual+Surgical+Planning+for+Total+Joint+Reconstruction+With+a+Stock+Alloplast+System&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=285-294&rft.date=2011-01&rft.issn=0278-2391&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20727647&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.joms.2010.03.010&rft.aulast=Chandran&rft.aufirst=Ravi&rft.au=Keeler%2C+Gary+D.&rft.au=Christensen%2C+Andrew+M.&rft.au=Weimer%2C+Katherine+A.&rft.au=Caloss%2C+Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlloplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2003" class="citation journal cs1">Martinez, Jaime Mejia (2003-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asj.2003.09.005">"Use of Multiple Alloplastic Implants for Cosmetic Enhancement of Structural Maxillofacial Hypoplasia"</a>. <i>Aesthetic Surgery Journal</i>. <b>23</b> (6): 433–440. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asj.2003.09.005">10.1016/j.asj.2003.09.005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1090-820X">1090-820X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19336114">19336114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aesthetic+Surgery+Journal&rft.atitle=Use+of+Multiple+Alloplastic+Implants+for+Cosmetic+Enhancement+of+Structural+Maxillofacial+Hypoplasia&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=433-440&rft.date=2003-11-01&rft.issn=1090-820X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19336114&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.asj.2003.09.005&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=Jaime+Mejia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.asj.2003.09.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlloplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKumarBradleyHarshbargerStevens2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Anand R.; Bradley, James P.; Harshbarger, Raymond; Stevens, Fred; Bell, Randy; Moores, Leon; Armonda, Rocco (March 2011). "Warfare-Related Craniectomy Defect Reconstruction: Early Success Using Custom Alloplast Implants". <i>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</i>. <b>127</b> (3): 1279–1287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2Fprs.0b013e318205f47c">10.1097/prs.0b013e318205f47c</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-1052">0032-1052</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21364428">21364428</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12772675">12772675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plastic+and+Reconstructive+Surgery&rft.atitle=Warfare-Related+Craniectomy+Defect+Reconstruction%3A+Early+Success+Using+Custom+Alloplast+Implants&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1279-1287&rft.date=2011-03&rft.issn=0032-1052&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12772675%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21364428&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2Fprs.0b013e318205f47c&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Anand+R.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+James+P.&rft.au=Harshbarger%2C+Raymond&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Fred&rft.au=Bell%2C+Randy&rft.au=Moores%2C+Leon&rft.au=Armonda%2C+Rocco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlloplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:6-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNiamtu2018" class="citation cs2">Niamtu, Joe (2018), "Evaluation of the Cosmetic Facial Surgery Patient", <i>Cosmetic Facial Surgery</i>, Elsevier, pp. 15–31, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-323-39393-5.00002-9">10.1016/b978-0-323-39393-5.00002-9</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323393935" title="Special:BookSources/9780323393935"><bdi>9780323393935</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+the+Cosmetic+Facial+Surgery+Patient&rft.btitle=Cosmetic+Facial+Surgery&rft.pages=15-31&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-323-39393-5.00002-9&rft.isbn=9780323393935&rft.aulast=Niamtu&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlloplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:11-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKorotcentkov2015" class="citation book cs1">Korotcentkov, Ghenadii (2015-11-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YOHvAgAAQBAJ&q=disadvantages+of+alloplasty&pg=PA728"><i>Porous Silicon: Formation and Properties</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576263846" title="Special:BookSources/9781576263846"><bdi>9781576263846</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Porous+Silicon%3A+Formation+and+Properties&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2015-11-09&rft.isbn=9781576263846&rft.aulast=Korotcentkov&rft.aufirst=Ghenadii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYOHvAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddisadvantages%2Bof%2Balloplasty%26pg%3DPA728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlloplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:7-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWinklerHaiden2017" class="citation journal cs1">Winkler, Heinz; Haiden, Peter (2017-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5423575">"Allograft Bone as Antibiotic Carrier"</a>. <i>Journal of Bone and Joint Infection</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 52–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7150%2Fjbji.17466">10.7150/jbji.17466</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2206-3552">2206-3552</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5423575">5423575</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28529864">28529864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bone+and+Joint+Infection&rft.atitle=Allograft+Bone+as+Antibiotic+Carrier&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-62&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5423575%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2206-3552&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28529864&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7150%2Fjbji.17466&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft.au=Haiden%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5423575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlloplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2">"Oral Surgery", <i>Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Second edition</i>, CRC Press, 2010-11-26, p. 45, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1201%2Fb13386-8">10.1201/b13386-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780340945896" title="Special:BookSources/9780340945896"><bdi>9780340945896</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oral+Surgery&rft.btitle=Operative+Oral+and+Maxillofacial+Surgery+Second+edition&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2010-11-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1201%2Fb13386-8&rft.isbn=9780340945896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlloplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:8-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMah2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mah, J. (2004-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejo%2F26.5.475">"The efficacy of various alloplastic bone grafts on the healing of rat calvarial defects"</a>. <i>The European Journal of Orthodontics</i>. <b>26</b> (5): 475–482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejo%2F26.5.475">10.1093/ejo/26.5.475</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0141-5387">0141-5387</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15536835">15536835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Journal+of+Orthodontics&rft.atitle=The+efficacy+of+various+alloplastic+bone+grafts+on+the+healing+of+rat+calvarial+defects&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=475-482&rft.date=2004-10-01&rft.issn=0141-5387&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15536835&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fejo%2F26.5.475&rft.aulast=Mah&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fejo%252F26.5.475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlloplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:9-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLeonardCoelhoPolyzoisStassen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Leonard, Gary; Coelho, Paulo; Polyzois, Ioannis; Stassen, Leo; Claffey, Noel (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eduardojanuzzi.com.br/artigosRecomendados/2009/comparacao_plateau_rosca.pdfLeonard%20G,%20Coelho%20P,%20Polyzois%20I,%20Stassen%20L,%20Claffey%20N.%20A%20study%20of%20the%20bone%20healing%20kinetics%20of%20plateau%20versus%20screw%20root%20design%20titanium%20dental%20implants.%20Clin.%20Oral%20Impl.%20Res.%2020,%202009;%20232%E2%80%93239.%20doi:%2010.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01640.x">"A study of the bone healing kinetics of plateau versus screw root design titanium dental implants"</a>. <i>Clinical Oral Implants Research</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 232–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0501.2008.01640.x">10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01640.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0905-7161">0905-7161</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19397634">19397634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Oral+Implants+Research&rft.atitle=A+study+of+the+bone+healing+kinetics+of+plateau+versus+screw+root+design+titanium+dental+implants&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=232-239&rft.date=2009-03&rft.issn=0905-7161&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19397634&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0501.2008.01640.x&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Coelho%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Polyzois%2C+Ioannis&rft.au=Stassen%2C+Leo&rft.au=Claffey%2C+Noel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eduardojanuzzi.com.br%2FartigosRecomendados%2F2009%2Fcomparacao_plateau_rosca.pdfLeonard%2520G%2C%2520Coelho%2520P%2C%2520Polyzois%2520I%2C%2520Stassen%2520L%2C%2520Claffey%2520N.%2520A%2520study%2520of%2520the%2520bone%2520healing%2520kinetics%2520of%2520plateau%2520versus%2520screw%2520root%2520design%2520titanium%2520dental%2520implants.%2520Clin.%2520Oral%2520Impl.%2520Res.%252020%2C%25202009%3B%2520232%25E2%2580%2593239.%2520doi%3A%252010.1111%2Fj.1600-0501.2008.01640.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlloplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:10-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGoyalGoyal2014" class="citation journal cs1">Goyal, Shelly; Goyal, Mukesh Kumar (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3990769">"Restoration of Large Cranial Defect for Cranioplasty with Alloplastic Cranial Implant Material: A Case Report"</a>. <i>Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 191–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13191-012-0185-y">10.1007/s13191-012-0185-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0972-4052">0972-4052</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3990769">3990769</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24757358">24757358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indian+Prosthodontic+Society&rft.atitle=Restoration+of+Large+Cranial+Defect+for+Cranioplasty+with+Alloplastic+Cranial+Implant+Material%3A+A+Case+Report&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-194&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3990769%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0972-4052&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24757358&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13191-012-0185-y&rft.aulast=Goyal&rft.aufirst=Shelly&rft.au=Goyal%2C+Mukesh+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3990769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlloplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChimWetjenMardini2014" class="citation journal cs1">Chim, Harvey; Wetjen, Nicholas; Mardini, Samir (August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4154978">"Virtual Surgical Planning in Craniofacial Surgery"</a>. <i>Seminars in Plastic Surgery</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 150–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0034-1384811">10.1055/s-0034-1384811</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1535-2188">1535-2188</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4154978">4154978</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25210509">25210509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Plastic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Virtual+Surgical+Planning+in+Craniofacial+Surgery&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=150-158&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4154978%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1535-2188&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25210509&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-0034-1384811&rft.aulast=Chim&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=Wetjen%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Mardini%2C+Samir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4154978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlloplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPaikParkWooKim2009" class="citation cs2">Paik, Cheol-Ho; Park, In-Kwon; Woo, Youngjoo; Kim, Tae-Woo (2009), "PREFACE", <i>Orthodontic Miniscrew Implants</i>, Elsevier, pp. v, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-7234-3402-3.50004-7">10.1016/b978-0-7234-3402-3.50004-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780723434023" title="Special:BookSources/9780723434023"><bdi>9780723434023</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orthodontic+Miniscrew+Implants&rft.atitle=PREFACE&rft.pages=v&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-7234-3402-3.50004-7&rft.isbn=9780723434023&rft.aulast=Paik&rft.aufirst=Cheol-Ho&rft.au=Park%2C+In-Kwon&rft.au=Woo%2C+Youngjoo&rft.au=Kim%2C+Tae-Woo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlloplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:5-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-65/issue-10/559.html">"The Clinical Applications of Synthetic Bone Alloplast"</a>. <i>www.cda-adc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cda-adc.ca&rft.atitle=The+Clinical+Applications+of+Synthetic+Bone+Alloplast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cda-adc.ca%2Fjcda%2Fvol-65%2Fissue-10%2F559.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlloplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCabinBassiri-TehraniSclafaniRomo2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cabin, Jonathan A.; Bassiri-Tehrani, Michael; Sclafani, Anthony P.; Romo, Thomas (November 2014). "Microtia Reconstruction". <i>Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 623–638. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fsc.2014.07.004">10.1016/j.fsc.2014.07.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1064-7406">1064-7406</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25444733">25444733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Facial+Plastic+Surgery+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Microtia+Reconstruction&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=623-638&rft.date=2014-11&rft.issn=1064-7406&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25444733&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fsc.2014.07.004&rft.aulast=Cabin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+A.&rft.au=Bassiri-Tehrani%2C+Michael&rft.au=Sclafani%2C+Anthony+P.&rft.au=Romo%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlloplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:12-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLandorVavríkJahoda2005" class="citation journal cs1">Landor, I.; Vavrík, P.; Jahoda, D. (2005). "[General principles of infection treatment in joint replacements]". <i>Acta Chirurgiae Orthopaedicae et Traumatologiae Cechoslovaca</i>. <b>72</b> (3): 183–190. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-5415">0001-5415</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16105503">16105503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Chirurgiae+Orthopaedicae+et+Traumatologiae+Cechoslovaca&rft.atitle=%5BGeneral+principles+of+infection+treatment+in+joint+replacements%5D&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=183-190&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16105503&rft.issn=0001-5415&rft.aulast=Landor&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Vavr%C3%ADk%2C+P.&rft.au=Jahoda%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlloplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChoRohShimKim2015" class="citation journal cs1">Cho, Hyung Rok; Roh, Tae Suk; Shim, Kyu Won; Kim, Yong Oock; Lew, Dae Hyun; Yun, In Sik (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5556788">"Skull Reconstruction with Custom Made Three-Dimensional Titanium Implant"</a>. <i>Archives of Craniofacial Surgery</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 11–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7181%2Facfs.2015.16.1.11">10.7181/acfs.2015.16.1.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2287-1152">2287-1152</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5556788">5556788</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28913212">28913212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Craniofacial+Surgery&rft.atitle=Skull+Reconstruction+with+Custom+Made+Three-Dimensional+Titanium+Implant&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-16&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5556788%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2287-1152&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28913212&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7181%2Facfs.2015.16.1.11&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.aufirst=Hyung+Rok&rft.au=Roh%2C+Tae+Suk&rft.au=Shim%2C+Kyu+Won&rft.au=Kim%2C+Yong+Oock&rft.au=Lew%2C+Dae+Hyun&rft.au=Yun%2C+In+Sik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5556788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlloplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBankiCastiglioneFerneini2016" class="citation cs2">Banki, Mohammad; Castiglione, Charles L.; Ferneini, Elie M. (2016), "Infections Associated with Aesthetic Facial Surgery", <i>Head, Neck, and Orofacial Infections</i>, Elsevier, pp. 366–372, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-323-28945-0.00026-0">10.1016/b978-0-323-28945-0.00026-0</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323289450" title="Special:BookSources/9780323289450"><bdi>9780323289450</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Head%2C+Neck%2C+and+Orofacial+Infections&rft.atitle=Infections+Associated+with+Aesthetic+Facial+Surgery&rft.pages=366-372&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-323-28945-0.00026-0&rft.isbn=9780323289450&rft.aulast=Banki&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft.au=Castiglione%2C+Charles+L.&rft.au=Ferneini%2C+Elie+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlloplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSykes2009" class="citation cs2">Sykes, Jonathan M. (2009), "Complications of Facial Implants", <i>Complications in Head and Neck Surgery</i>, Elsevier, pp. 671–676, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-141604220-4.50054-7">10.1016/b978-141604220-4.50054-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416042204" title="Special:BookSources/9781416042204"><bdi>9781416042204</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Complications+of+Facial+Implants&rft.btitle=Complications+in+Head+and+Neck+Surgery&rft.pages=671-676&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-141604220-4.50054-7&rft.isbn=9781416042204&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlloplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJordanSt._OngeAndersonPatrinely1992" class="citation journal cs1">Jordan, David R.; St. Onge, Pam; Anderson, Richard L.; Patrinely, James R.; Nerad, Jeffrey A. (1992-10-01). "Complications Associated with Alloplastic Implants used in Orbital Fracture Repair". <i>Ophthalmology</i>. <b>99</b> (10): 1600–1608. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0161-6420%2892%2931760-9">10.1016/S0161-6420(92)31760-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-6420">0161-6420</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1454329">1454329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ophthalmology&rft.atitle=Complications+Associated+with+Alloplastic+Implants+used+in+Orbital+Fracture+Repair&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1600-1608&rft.date=1992-10-01&rft.issn=0161-6420&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1454329&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0161-6420%2892%2931760-9&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft.au=St.+Onge%2C+Pam&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Richard+L.&rft.au=Patrinely%2C+James+R.&rft.au=Nerad%2C+Jeffrey+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlloplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node ($1) (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change ($1) (timestamp) | '1712917204' |
