Maba language: Difference between revisions

Maba
Maba
Bura Mabang
Native to	Chad
Region	Ouaddaï, Wadi Fira
Ethnicity	Maba
Native speakers	570,000 (2019)
Language family	Nilo-Saharan? Maban Mabang Maba; ; ;
Dialects	Maba; Kodroy; Kabartu; Kondongo;
Writing system	Arabic script ; Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	mde
Glottolog	maba1277

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Revision as of 19:04, 17 April 2024

Maba (Maban, Mabang, or Bura Mabang) is a Nilo-Saharan language of the Maban branch spoken in Chad and Sudan. It is divided into several dialects, and serves as a local trade language. Maba is closely related to the Masalit language.^[2] Most speakers of Maba reside in Chad with 542,000 speakers as of 2019. In 2022 there were 28,000 speakers in Sudan where the language is known as Sulaihab.^[1]

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i iː		u uː
Open-mid	ɛ ɛː		ɔ ɔː
Open		a aː

/ɛ, ɛː/ and /ɔ, ɔː/ may be realized as more close [e, eː] and [o, oː], when found in open syllable positions.
Vowels may also be marginally realized as nasal when in nasal environments.

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Stop	voiceless	(p)	t	c	k
	voiced	b	d / ɖ	ɟ	g
	prenasal	ᵐb	ⁿd / ᶯɖ	ᶮɟ	ᵑɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʃ	x	(h)
Fricative	voiced		(z)
Rhotic			ɾ
Lateral			l
Approximant				j	w

Stop sounds /b, t, k/ are heard as unreleased [p̚, t̚, k̚] when in word-final position.
Sounds [p, h] are heard mostly as a result of loanwords. [z] is also mostly from Arabic loanwords, but also may occur in some native words as well.
/t, d, ⁿd/ when preceding a tap /ɾ/, are then heard as retroflex [ʈ, ɖ, ᶯɖ].
/ɾ/ may also be heard as a trill [r] in free variation.^[3]

Orthography

Maba language is written with the Latin and Arabic Chad Alphabet.

Maba Latin alphabet ^[4]
A a	B b	C c	Ch ch	D d	Dr dr	E e	F f	G g	H h	I i	J j	K k	Kh kh	L l	M m	Mb mb
[a]	[b]	[c]	[ʃ]	[d]	[ɖ]	[ɛ]	[f]	[g]	[h]	[i]	[ɟ]	[k]	[x]	[l]	[m]	[ᵐb]
N n	N̰ n̰	Nd nd	Ndr ndr	Nj nj	Ŋ ŋ	Ng ng	O o	Pp	R r	S s	T t	Tr tr	U u	W w	Y y	Z z
[n]	[ɲ]	[ⁿd]	[ᶯɖ]	[ᶮɟ]	[ŋ]	[ᵑɡ]	[ɔ]	[p]	[ɾ] ([r])	[s]	[t]	[ʈ]	[u]	[w]	[j]	[z]

Maba Arabic alphabet^[5]
Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	أ إ‎ ‌( - ) [∅]/[ʔ]	ب‎ (B b) [b]	پ‎ (P p) [p]	ت‎ (T t) [t]	ث‎ (S s) [s]	ج‎ (J j) [ɟ]
Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ڃ‎ (Nj nj) [ᶮɟ]	چ‎ (C c) [c]	ح‎ (H h) [h]	خ‎ (Kh kh) [x]	د‎ (D d) [d]	ڊ‎ (Nd nd) [ⁿd]
Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ذ‎ (S s) [s]	ر‎ (R r) [ɾ] ([r])	ڔ‎ (Dr dr) [ɖ]	ز‎ (Z z) [z]	ڗ‎ (Tr tr) [ʈ]	ژ‎ (Ndr Ndr) [ᶯɖ]
Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	س‎ (S s) [s]	ش‎ (Ch ch) [ʃ]	ص‎ (S s) [s]	ض‎ (D d) [d]	ط‎ (T t) [t]	ظ‎ (Z z) [z]
Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ع‎ ( - ) [ʔ]	غ‎ (Kh kh) [x]	ݝ‎ (Ŋ ŋ) [ŋ]	ڠ‎ (Ng ng) [ᵑɡ]	ف‎ (F f) [f]	ق‎ (G g) [g]
Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ك‎ (K k) [k]	ل‎ (L l) [l]	م‎ (M m) [m]	ݦ‎ (Mb mb) [ᵐb]	ن‎ (N n) [n]	ݧ‎ (N̰ n̰) [ɲ]
Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ه‎ (H h) [h]	و‎ (W w) [w]	ؤ‎ ‌( - ) [ʔ]	ي‎ (Y y) [j]	ئ‎ ‌( - ) [ʔ]

Vowel at beginning of word
A	E	I	O	U
أَ‎	أٚ‎	إِ‎	أٛ‎	أُ‎
Aa	Ee	Ii	Oo	Uu
آ‎	أٚيـ‎	إِيـ‎	أٛو‎	أُو‎

Vowel at middle and end of word
a	e	i	o	u
◌َ‎	◌ٚ‎	◌ِ‎	◌ٛ‎	◌ُ‎
aa	ee	ii	oo	uu
◌َا / ـَا‎	◌ٚيـ / ـٚيـ‎ ◌ٚي / ـٚي‎	◌ِيـ / ـِيـ‎ ◌ِي / ـِي‎	ٛ◌و / ـٛو‎	◌ُو / ـُو‎

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Maba at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
^ "Maba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
^ Weiss, Doris (2009). Phonologie et morphosyntaxe du Maba. Université Lumière - Lyon II.
^ Maass, Antje; Mahamat, Abdoulaye Issaakha; Ali, Ousman Timsa; Adam, Duudeen Ali (2017) [2000]. Buraa mabaŋnu jiŋ ger mirni! (Kitab 1) (in Maba) (3 ed.). N’Djaména: SIL Tchad. (PDF dead link)
^ Oumar, Alkassim; Hicham, Fathimat Al-Zahra; Dahab, Abdoulaye Ali; Ali, Ousman Timsa; Zürcher, Evodie; Weiss, Doris (2007) [2000]. بُرَا مَبَݝْنُ، جِݝ قٚر مِرْنِ! (كِتَب ١) (Buraa mabaŋnu jiŋ ger mirni! (Kitab 1)) (in Maba) (4 ed.). N’Djaména: SIL Tchad.

@@ Line 81: / Line 81: @@
 !{{Small|voiced}}
 |b
-|d
+|d / ɖ
 |ɟ
 |g
@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
 !{{Small|prenasal}}
 |ᵐb
-|ⁿd
+|ⁿd / ᶯɖ
 |ᶮɟ
 |ᵑɡ
@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 |s
 |ʃ
-|
+|x
 |(h)
 |-
@@ Line 135: / Line 135: @@
 * /t, d, ⁿd/ when preceding a tap /ɾ/, are then heard as retroflex [ʈ, ɖ, ᶯɖ].
 * /ɾ/ may also be heard as a trill [r] in free variation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weiss|first=Doris|title=Phonologie et morphosyntaxe du Maba|publisher=Université Lumière - Lyon II|year=2009}}</ref>
+==Orthography==
+Maba language is written with the Latin and Arabic [[:fr:Alphabet national tchadien|Chad Alphabet]].
+{|class="wikitable"
+|+ Maba Latin alphabet <ref>{{cite book | language=mde | first1=Antje | last1=Maass | first2=Abdoulaye Issaakha | last2=Mahamat | first3=Ousman Timsa | last3=Ali | first4=Duudeen Ali | last4=Adam | title=Buraa mabaŋnu jiŋ ger mirni! (Kitab 1) | place=N’Djaména | publisher=SIL Tchad | date=2017 | edition=3 | orig-date=2000 | isbn= | url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/32724 }} ([https://buraamaba.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/jig-ger-Mirni1.pdf PDF] ''dead link'')</ref>
+| A a || B b || C c || Ch ch || D d || Dr dr || E e
+|  F f || G g || H h || I i || J j || K k || Kh kh || L l || M m || Mb mb
+|-
+| {{IPAblink|a}} ||{{IPAblink|b}} || {{IPAblink|c}} ||{{IPAblink|ʃ}} ||{{IPAblink|d}} || {{IPAblink|ɖ}} ||{{IPAblink|ɛ}} ||{{IPAblink|f}} ||{{IPAblink|g}} ||{{IPAblink|h}} ||{{IPAblink|i}} ||{{IPAblink|ɟ}} || {{IPAblink|k}} || {{IPAblink|x}} ||{{IPAblink|l}} ||{{IPAblink|m}} || {{IPAblink|ᵐb}}
+|-
+| N n  || N̰ n̰ || Nd nd || Ndr ndr || Nj nj || Ŋ ŋ || Ng ng || O o || Pp
+| R r || S s || T t || Tr tr || U u || W w || Y y || Z z
+|-
+|{{IPAblink|n}}|| {{IPAblink|ɲ}} || {{IPAblink|ⁿd}} || {{IPAblink|ᶯɖ}} || {{IPAblink|ᶮɟ}}  || {{IPAblink|ŋ}} || {{IPAblink|ᵑɡ}} ||{{IPAblink|ɔ}} ||{{IPAblink|p}} ||{{IPAblink|ɾ}} ({{IPAblink|r}}) ||{{IPAblink|s}} ||{{IPAblink|t}} || {{IPAblink|ʈ}} ||{{IPAblink|u}} ||{{IPAblink|w}} ||{{IPAblink|j}} || {{IPAblink|z}}
+|}
+{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
+|+ Maba Arabic alphabet<ref>{{cite book | language=mde |first1=Alkassim|last1=Oumar|first2=Fathimat Al-Zahra|last2=Hicham|first3=Abdoulaye Ali|last3=Dahab|first4=Ousman Timsa|last4=Ali|last5=Zürcher|first5=Evodie|last6=Weiss|first6=Doris| title=بُرَا مَبَݝْنُ، جِݝ قٚر مِرْنِ! (كِتَب ١) (Buraa mabaŋnu jiŋ ger mirni! (Kitab 1)) | place=N’Djaména | publisher=SIL Tchad | date=2007 | edition=4 | orig-date=2000 | isbn= | url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/32737 }}</ref>
+|-
+! Arabic<br><small>(Latin)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|أ إ}}</span><br><small>‌( - )</small><br>{{IPAblink|∅}}/{{IPAblink|ʔ}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ب}}</span><br><small>(B b)</small><br>{{IPAblink|b}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|پ}}</span><br><small>(P p)</small><br>{{IPAblink|p}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ت}}</span><br><small>(T t)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ث}}</span><br><small>(S s)</small><br>{{IPAblink|s}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ج}}</span><br><small>(J j)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ɟ}}
+|-
+! Arabic<br><small>(Latin)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڃ}}</span><br><small>(Nj nj)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ᶮɟ}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|چ}}</span><br><small>(C c)</small><br>{{IPAblink|c}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ح}}</span><br><small>(H h)</small><br>{{IPAblink|h}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|خ}}</span><br><small>(Kh kh)</small><br>{{IPAblink|x}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|د}}</span><br><small>(D d)</small><br>{{IPAblink|d}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڊ}}</span><br><small>(Nd nd)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ⁿd}}
+|-
+! Arabic<br><small>(Latin)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ذ}}</span><br><small>(S s)</small><br>{{IPAblink|s}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ر}}</span><br><small>(R r)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ɾ}} ({{IPAblink|r}})
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڔ}}</span><br><small>(Dr dr)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ɖ}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ز}}</span><br><small>(Z z)</small><br>{{IPAblink|z}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڗ}}</span><br><small>(Tr tr)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ʈ}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ژ}}</span><br><small>(Ndr Ndr)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ᶯɖ}}
+|-
+! Arabic<br><small>(Latin)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|س}}</span><br><small>(S s)</small><br>{{IPAblink|s}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ش}}</span><br><small>(Ch ch)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ʃ}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ص}}</span><br><small>(S s)</small><br>{{IPAblink|s}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ض}}</span><br><small>(D d)</small><br>{{IPAblink|d}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ط}}</span><br><small>(T t)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ظ}}</span><br><small>(Z z)</small><br>{{IPAblink|z}}
+|-
+! Arabic<br><small>(Latin)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ع}}</span><br><small>( - )</small><br>{{IPAblink|ʔ}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|غ}}</span><br><small>(Kh kh)</small><br>{{IPAblink|x}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ݝ}}</span><br><small>(Ŋ ŋ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ŋ}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڠ}}</span><br><small>(Ng ng)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ᵑɡ}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ف}}</span><br><small>(F f)</small><br>{{IPAblink|f}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ق}}</span><br><small>(G g)</small><br>{{IPAblink|g}}
+|-
+! Arabic<br><small>(Latin)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ك}}</span><br><small>(K k)</small><br>{{IPAblink|k}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ل}}</span><br><small>(L l)</small><br>{{IPAblink|l}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|م}}</span><br><small>(M m)</small><br>{{IPAblink|m}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ݦ}}</span><br><small>(Mb mb)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ᵐb}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ن}}</span><br><small>(N n)</small><br>{{IPAblink|n}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ݧ}}</span><br><small>(N̰ n̰)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ɲ}}
+|-
+! Arabic<br><small>(Latin)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ه}}</span><br><small>(H h)</small><br>{{IPAblink|h}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|و}}</span><br><small>(W w)</small><br>{{IPAblink|w}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ؤ}}</span><br><small>‌( - )</small><br>{{IPAblink|ʔ}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ي}}</span><br><small>(Y y)</small><br>{{IPAblink|j}}
+| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ئ}}</span><br><small>‌( - )</small><br>{{IPAblink|ʔ}}
+|}
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|+Vowel at beginning of word
+|-
+! A || E ||  I || O || U
+|-dir="rtl"
+| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|أَ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|أٚ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|إِ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|أٛ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|أُ}}</span>
+|-
+! Aa || Ee || Ii || Oo || Uu
+|-dir="rtl"
+| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|آ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|أٚيـ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|إِيـ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|أٛو}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|أُو}}</span>
+|}
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|+Vowel at middle and end of word
+|-
+! a || e ||  i || o || u
+|-dir="rtl"
+| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌َ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ٚ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ٛ}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُ}}</span>
+|-
+! aa || ee  || ii || oo || uu
+|-dir="rtl"
+| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌َا / ـَا}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ٚيـ / ـٚيـ}}</span><br><span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ٚي / ـٚي}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِيـ / ـِيـ}}</span><br><span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِي / ـِي}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic| ٛ◌و / ـٛو}}</span>
+| <span style="font-size:145%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُو / ـُو}}</span>
+|}
 == References ==

v t e Languages of Chad
Official languages	French Arabic
Indigenous languages	Bagirmi Chadian Arabic Daza(ga) Hausa Kanembu Maba Ngambay Sara Teda Mser
Immigrant languages	English French Arabic Chinese Portuguese Japanese Russian Danish Dutch

Authority control databases
National	France BnF data Israel United States Japan
Other	IdRef