List of oldest stars: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|none}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{missing information|The age of the very oldest stars in our galaxy's bulge such as from the [[Gaia spacecraft]]|date=June 2018}}
{{missing information|the age of the very oldest stars in our galaxy's bulge such as from the [[Gaia spacecraft]]|date=June 2018}}
The age of the oldest known [[star]]s approaches the [[age of the universe]], about 13.8&nbsp;billion years. Some of these are among the first stars from [[reionization]] (the stellar dawn), ending the [[Dark Ages (cosmology)|Dark Ages]] about 370,000&nbsp;years after Big Bang.<ref name=Barkana-2018-03-01/> These are recognized as among the oldest individual stars observed so far:
The age of the oldest known [[star]]s approaches the [[age of the universe]], about 13.8&nbsp;billion years. Some of these are among the first stars from [[reionization]] (the stellar dawn), ending the [[Dark Ages (cosmology)|Dark Ages]] about 370,000&nbsp;years after the Big Bang.<ref name=Barkana-2018-03-01/> These are recognized as among the oldest individual stars observed so far:
{|class="wikitable sortable"
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Name !! Age<br/>{{small|(billions of years)}}
! Name !! Age<br/>{{small|(billions of years)}}
!Mass<br>{{small|([[Solar mass|M<sub>Sun</sub>]])}}!!Radius<br>{{small|([[Solar radius|R<sub>Sun</sub>]])}}!! Distance !! Location description !!Description
!Mass ({{Solar mass}})!! Distance !! Location description
|-
|[[R Doradus]]
|14
|0.85
|298
|178 ly
|Milky Way thick disk
|an red giant star in the constellation [[Dorado]]
|-
|-
| {{nobr|The Methuselah Star}} or {{nobr|[[HD 140283]]}}
| {{nobr|The Methuselah Star}} or {{nobr|[[HD 140283]]}}
Line 21: Line 13:
}}
}}
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 190&nbsp;ly<ref>{{Cite web |author1=David Crookes |date=2022-03-07 |title=Methuselah: The oldest star in the universe |url=https://www.space.com/how-can-a-star-be-older-than-the-universe.html |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref>
|2.04
| [[Milky Way]], 19° north of Galactic Centre, closer than the [[Galactic bulge]].
|190 ly<ref>{{Cite web |author1=David Crookes |date=2022-03-07 |title=Methuselah: The oldest star in the universe |url=https://www.space.com/how-can-a-star-be-older-than-the-universe.html |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Milky Way]], 19° north of Galactic Centre, closer than the [[Galactic Bulge]].
|
|-
|-
| [[2MASS J18082002−5104378]]
| [[2MASS J18082002−5104378]]
| 13.53<ref name=Schlaufman-Thompson-Casey-2018-11-05-ApJ/><ref name=SciN-2018-11-06/>
| 13.53<ref name=Schlaufman-Thompson-Casey-2018-11-05-ApJ/><ref name=SciN-2018-11-06/>
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 1 950&nbsp;ly
|2.511
|1,950 ly
| [[Milky Way#Age and cosmological history|Milky Way thin disk]]
| [[Milky Way#Age and cosmological history|Milky Way thin disk]]
|
|-
|-
| [[BD+17°3248]]
| [[BD+17°3248]]
| {{nobr|13.8 ± 4}}<ref name=Cowan-Sneden-Burles-etal-2002-06-ApJ/>{{efn|name=star-too-old-note}}
| {{nobr|13.8 ± 4}}<ref name=Cowan-Sneden-Burles-etal-2002-06-ApJ/>{{efn|name=star-too-old-note}}
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 968&nbsp;ly
|12.6
| [[Milky Way#Halo|Milky Way]] [[Galactic halo|halo]]
|968 ly
| [[Milky Way#Halo|Milky Way]] [[Galactic Halo|halo]]
|
|-
|-
|[[HE 1219-0312]]
|[[HE 1219-0312]]
|13.6
|13.6
|~0.8
|~0.8
|32 000 ly
|16.39
|32,000 ly
|Milky Way halo
|Milky Way halo
|
|-
|-
|[[HD 164922]]
|[[HD 164922]]
|13.6
|13.6
|~0.85
|~0.85
|0.993
|72 ly
|72 ly
|Milky Way halo
|Milky Way halo
|
|-
|-
|HD 221170{{cn|date=February 2022}}
|HD 221170{{cn|date=February 2022}}
|13.6
|13.6
|~0.8
|~0.8
|1 800 ly
|>10
|1,800 ly
|Milky Way halo
|Milky Way halo
|
|-
|-
| [[SMSS J031300.36-670839.3]] || 13.4<ref name="Ishigaki-Tominaga-etal-2014-ApJLet" />
| [[SMSS J031300.36−670839.3]] || 13.4<ref name="Ishigaki-Tominaga-etal-2014-ApJLet" />
|~0.75
|~0.75
| style="text-align:center;" | 6 000&nbsp;ly
|>10
| [[Milky Way#Halo|Milky Way]] [[Galactic halo|halo]] or [[Globular cluster]]s
|6,000 ly
| [[Milky Way#Halo|Milky Way]] [[Galactic Halo|halo]] or [[Globular cluster]]s
|
|-
|-
|BPS CS22957-0027 or HE 2356-0410{{cn|date=February 2022}}
|BPS CS22957-0027 or HE 2356-0410{{cn|date=February 2022}}
|13.4
|13.4
|~0.8
|~0.8
|36 000 ly
|>10
|36,000 ly
|Milky Way halo
|Milky Way halo
|
|-
|-
| J173823.38-145701.1<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J173823.38-145701.1<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.85
|~0.85
|style="text-align:center;"| 28 000&nbsp;ly (8.5&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
|28,000 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J182048.26-273329.2<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J182048.26-273329.2<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 20 000&nbsp;ly (6.0&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
|20,000 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J183744.90-280831.1<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J183744.90-280831.1<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 57 400&nbsp;ly (17.6&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
| 57,400 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J183647.89-274333.1<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J183647.89-274333.1<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 22 000&nbsp;ly (6.6&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
| 22,000 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J183812.72-270746.3<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J183812.72-270746.3<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 40 100&nbsp;ly (12.3&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
| 40,100 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J183719.09-262725.0<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J183719.09-262725.0<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 32 600&nbsp;ly (10.0&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
| 32,600 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J184201.19-302159.6<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J184201.19-302159.6<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 31 000&nbsp;ly (9.6&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
|31,000 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J184656.07-292351.5<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J184656.07-292351.5<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.75
|~0.75
|style="text-align:center;"| 31 000&nbsp;ly (9.5&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
|31,000 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J181406.68-313106.1<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J181406.68-313106.1<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 30 000&nbsp;ly (9.3&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
|30,000 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J181317.69-343801.9<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J181317.69-343801.9<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.75
|~0.75
|style="text-align:center;"| 21 000&nbsp;ly (6.5&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
| 21,000 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J181219.68-343726.4<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J181219.68-343726.4<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.75
|~0.75
|style="text-align:center;"| 26 000&nbsp;ly (8.0&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
| 26,000 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
|J181609.62-333218.7<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
|J181609.62-333218.7<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 33 900&nbsp;ly (10.4&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
|33,900 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J181634.60-340342.5<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J181634.60-340342.5<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 34 200&nbsp;ly (10.5&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
|34,200 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J175544.54-392700.9<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J175544.54-392700.9<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 44 000&nbsp;ly (13.5&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
|44,000 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J175455.52-380339.3<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J175455.52-380339.3<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 44 000&nbsp;ly (13.5&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
|44,000 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J175746.58-384750.0<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J175746.58-384750.0<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.75
|~0.75
|style="text-align:center;"| 30 000&nbsp;ly (9.1&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
| 30,000 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J181736.59-391303.3<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J181736.59-391303.3<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 51 200&nbsp;ly (15.7&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
|51,200 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J181505.16-385514.9<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J181505.16-385514.9<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 16 000&nbsp;ly (5.0&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
|16,000 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J181921.64-381429.0<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J181921.64-381429.0<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 36 500&nbsp;ly (11.2&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
|36,500 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J175722.68-411731.8<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J175722.68-411731.8<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.85
|~0.85
|style="text-align:center;"| 40 400&nbsp;ly (12.4&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
|40,400 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J175021.86-414627.1<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J175021.86-414627.1<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 13 000&nbsp;ly (4.1&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
|13,000 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J175636.59-403545.9<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J175636.59-403545.9<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 32 000&nbsp;ly (9.8&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
|32,000 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
| J175433.19-411048.9<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| J175433.19-411048.9<ref name=Howes-Casey-Asplund-etal-2015-11-26-Nat/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
| 13.2 or more<ref name=Tumlinson-2009-12-22-ApJ/>
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 18 000&nbsp;ly (5.6&nbsp;kpc)
|15-25
| Milky Way [[Galactic bulge|bulge]]
|18,000 ly
| Milky Way [[Galactic Bulge|bulge]]
|
|-
|-
|BPS CS22949-0037 or HE 2323-0256{{cn|date=February 2022}}
|BPS CS22949-0037 or HE 2323-0256{{cn|date=February 2022}}
|13.2
|13.2
|~0.8
|~0.8
|22 000 ly
|18.34
|22,000 ly
|Milky Way halo
|Milky Way halo
|
|-
|-
|HE 0557-4840{{cn|date=February 2022}}
|HE 0557-4840{{cn|date=February 2022}}
|13.2
|13.2
|~0.85
|~0.85
|45 000 ly
|14.91
|45,000 ly
|Milky Way halo
|Milky Way halo
|
|-
|-
|[[HE 1327-2326]]
|[[HE 1327-2326]]
|13.2
|13.2
|~0.75
|~0.75
|4 000 ly
|0.91
|4,000 ly
|Milky Way halo
|Milky Way halo
|Most metal-poor known star
|-
|-
| [[HE 1523-0901]] || 13.2
| [[HE 1523-0901]] || 13.2
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 7 500&nbsp;ly
|27-36
| [[Milky Way#Halo|Milky Way]] [[Galactic halo|halo]]
| 7,500 ly
| [[Milky Way#Halo|Milky Way]] [[Galactic Halo|halo]]
|One of oldest star in the [[Milky Way]]
|-
|-
|HE 2327-5642{{cn|date=February 2022}}
|HE 2327-5642{{cn|date=February 2022}}
|13.2
|13.2
|~0.8
|~0.8
|18 000 ly
|14-20
|18,000 ly
|Milky Way halo
|Milky Way halo
|
|-
|-
|HE 2252-4225{{cn|date=February 2022}}
|HE 2252-4225{{cn|date=February 2022}}
|13
|13
|~0.85
|~0.85
|75 000 ly
|19.81
|75,000 ly
|Milky Way halo
|Milky Way halo
|
|-
|-
| {{nobr|Caffau's Star}} or {{nobr|[[SDSS J102915+172927]]}} || 13
| {{nobr|Caffau's Star}} or {{nobr|[[SDSS J102915+172927]]}} || 13
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 4 500&nbsp;ly {{nobr|(1.37{{su|p=+.15 |b=−.12}} kpc)}}
|0.69
| [[Milky Way#Halo|Milky Way]] [[Galactic halo|halo]]
|4,500 ly
| [[Milky Way#Halo|Milky Way]] [[Galactic Halo|halo]]
|
|-
|-
|[[SDSS J001820.5−093939.2]]
|[[S Orionis]]
|13
|13
|~0.8
|1
|40 000 ly
|411-498
|1,566 ly
|Milky Way [[Orion Arm|Orion arm]]
|
|-
|[[W Orionis]]
|13
|1-2
|406
|1,200 ly
|Milky Way [[Orion Arm|Orion arm]]
|
|-
|[[SDSS J001820.5-093939.2]]
|13
|0.47
|0.36
|1,000 ly
|Milky Way halo
|Milky Way halo
|
|-
|[[La Superba]]
|13
|1.2
|422
|1,060 ly
|Milky Way thick disk
|
|-
|[[R Leporis]]
|13
|0.6
|490
|1,364 ly
|Milky Way thick disk
|Reddest star even recorded, an red giant star in the constellation [[Lepus (constellation)|Lepus]]
|-
|-
| [[HE 0107-5240]]|| 13
| [[HE 0107-5240]]|| 13
|~0.8
|~0.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 36 000&nbsp;ly
|11.96
| [[Milky Way#Halo|Milky Way]] [[Galactic halo|halo]]
|36,000 ly
| [[Milky Way#Halo|Milky Way]] [[Galactic Halo|halo]]
|
|-
|-
|[[HE 0020-1741]]
|[[HE 0020-1741]]
|13
|13
|~0.8
|~0.8
|22 000 ly
|18.53
|22,000 ly
|Milky Way halo
|Milky Way halo
|
|-
|-
| {{nobr|[[Sneden's Star]]}} or {{nobr| BPS CS22892-0052 }} || 13
| {{nobr|[[Sneden's Star]]}} or {{nobr| BPS CS22892-0052 }} || 13
|~0.8
|~0.8
| style="text-align:center;" | 15 300&nbsp;ly
|13.89
| [[Milky Way#Halo|Milky Way]] [[Galactic halo|halo]]
| 15,300 ly
| [[Milky Way#Halo|Milky Way]] [[Galactic Halo|halo]]
|
|-
|-
| {{nobr|[[Cayrel's Star]]}} or {{nobr| BPS CS31082-0001 }} || 13
| {{nobr|[[Cayrel's Star]]}} or {{nobr| BPS CS31082-0001 }} || 13
|~0.8
|~0.8
| style="text-align:center;" | 14 000&nbsp;ly<br />(4&nbsp;[[kiloparsec|kpc]])
|14.48
| [[Milky Way#Halo|Milky Way]] [[Galactic halo|halo]]
| 14,000 ly
| [[Milky Way#Halo|Milky Way]] [[Galactic Halo|halo]]
|
|-
|-
| [[HD 122563]] || 13
| [[HD 122563]] || 13
|~0.85
|~0.85
|style="text-align:center;"| 770&nbsp;ly
|24.19
|770 ly
| Milky Way halo
| Milky Way halo
|
|-
|-
|[[HD 130322]]
|[[HD 130322]]
|13
|13
|~0.8
|~0.8
|0.86
|103 ly
|103 ly
|Milky Way halo
|Milky Way halo
|
|-
! colspan="7" | The following well-known stars are listed for the purpose of comparison.
|-
|[[Aldebaran]]
|6.4
|1.16
|45.1
|65.3 ly
|Milky Way [[Orion Arm|Orion arm]]
|
|-
|[[Mira]]
|6
|1.18
|332-402
|300 ly
|Milky Way thick disk
|Wonderful star, prototype of [[Mira variable]] star
|-
|[[Sun]]
|4.6
|1
|1
|0 ly
|Milky Way [[Orion arm]]
|Orbit parent of [[Earth]], Host star of the [[Solar System]]
|-
|[[Gacrux]]
|3.2
|1.5
|84
|88.6 ly
|Milky Way [[Orion Arm|Orion arm]]
|Nearest M-type red giant star from [[Earth]]
|-
|[[Alpha Herculis]]
|1.25
|2.6
|284
|360 ly
|Milky Way [[Orion Arm|Orion arm]]
|
|-
|[[Pollux (star)|Pollux]]
|0.724
|1.91
|9.06
|33.78 ly
|Milky Way [[Orion Arm|Orion arm]]
|
|-
|[[119 Tauri]]
|0.014
|14.37
|593
|1,800 ly
|Milky Way [[Orion arm]]
|An [[red supergiant]] star
|-
|[[Antares]]
|0.012
|15-18
|680
|{{nts|550}} ly
|Milky Way [[Galactic disc|disc]]
|An [[red supergiant]] star
|-
|[[Betelgeuse]]
|0.01
|10-25
|887-1,172
|{{nts|638}} ly
|Milky Way [[Orion arm]]
|An [[red supergiant]] star, will soon to explode into an [[supernova]]
|-
|[[AH Scorpii]]
|0.008
|25
|1,411
|7,500 ly
|Milky Way [[Scutum-Centaurus arm]]
|An [[red supergiant]] star, one of largest known star
|-
|[[V915 Scorpii]]
|0.008
|25
|760
|24,000 ly
|Milky Way [[Scutum-Centaurus arm]]
|An [[Hypergiant|orange hypergiant]] star
|-
|[[UY Scuti]]
|0.008<ref name="Torres2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Arroyo-Torres | first1 = B. | last2 = Wittkowski | first2 = M. | last3 = Marcaide | first3 = J. M. | last4 = Hauschildt | first4 = P. H. | title = The atmospheric structure and fundamental parameters of the red supergiants AH Scorpii, UY Scuti, and KW Sagittarii | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/201220920 | journal = Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume = 554 | pages = A76 | year = 2013 | bibcode = 2013A&A...554A..76A |arxiv = 1305.6179 | s2cid = 73575062 }}</ref>
|32
|1,708-1,900
|9,500 ly
|Milky Way [[Scutum-Centaurus arm]]
|An [[red supergiant]] star, one of largest known star
|-
|[[Westerlund 1-26]]
|0.008
|25-35
|1,535
|14,200 ly
|Super star cluster [[Westerlund 1]]
|An [[red supergiant]] star, one of largest known star
|-
|[[NML Cygni]]
|0.007
|50
|1,640
|5,250 ly
|Milky Way [[Orion arm]]
|An [[red hypergiant]] star, one of largest known star
|-
|[[VY Canis Majoris]]
|0.007
|30-40
|1,420-2,069
|3,900 ly
|Milky Way [[Galactic disc|disc]]
|An [[red supergiant]] star, one of largest known star
|-
|[[V382 Carinae]]
|0.007
|39
|747
|9,000 ly
|Milky Way [[Carina-Sagittarius Arm]]
|An extreme rare [[yellow hypergiant]] star, we has discovered 12 [[yellow hypergiant]] stars in the [[Milky Way]]
|-
|[[Stephenson 2-18]]
|0.007<ref name="thomas">{{Cite journal|last1=Fok|first1=Thomas K. T|last2=Nakashima|first2=Jun-ichi|last3=Yung|first3=Bosco H. K|last4=Hsia|first4=Chih-Hao|last5=Deguchi|first5=Shuji|s2cid=53393926|year=2012|title=Maser Observations of Westerlund 1 and Comprehensive Considerations on Maser Properties of Red Supergiants Associated with Massive Clusters|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=760|issue=1|pages=65|arxiv=1209.6427|bibcode=2012ApJ...760...65F|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/760/1/65}}</ref>
|35-45
|2,158
|20,000 ly
|Open cluster [[Stephenson 2]]
|An [[red hypergiant]] star, Largest known star in the universe
|-
|[[V509 Cassiopeiae]] or HR 8752
|0.006<ref name=hr8752>{{cite journal|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201117166|title=The hypergiant HR 8752 evolving through the yellow evolutionary void|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=546|pages=A105|year=2012|last1=Nieuwenhuijzen|first1=H.|last2=De Jager|first2=C.|last3=Kolka|first3=I.|last4=Israelian|first4=G.|last5=Lobel|first5=A.|last6=Zsoldos|first6=E.|last7=Maeder|first7=A.|last8=Meynet|first8=G.|bibcode=2012A&A...546A.105N|url=http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/72/262672.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|35-45
|400-900
|15,700 ly
|Milky Way [[Perseus Arm]]
|An [[yellow hypergiant]] star with an extreme mass loss rate
|-
|HR 5171 or [[V766 Centauri]]
|0.005
|45-60
|1,315-1,575
|13,000 ly
|Milky Way [[Scutum-Centaurus arm]]
|An [[yellow hypergiant]] star with an extreme mass loss rate
|-
|[[WOH G64]]
|0.005
|25-35
|1,788
|163,000 ly
|[[Large Magellanic Cloud]]
|One of largest known star in the universe
|-
|[[Eta Carinae]]
|0.003<ref name="mehner2019">{{cite journal |last1=Mehner |first1=A. |last2=De Wit |first2=W.-J. |last3=Asmus |first3=D. |last4=Morris |first4=P.W. |last5=Agliozzo |first5=C. |last6=Barlow |first6=M.J. |last7=Gull |first7=T.R. |last8=Hillier |first8=D.J. |last9=Weigelt |first9=G. |arxiv=1908.09154 |title=Mid-infrared evolution of η Carinae from 1968 to 2018 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=630 |pages=L6 |year=2019 |bibcode=2019A&A...630L...6M |s2cid=202149820 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201936277}}</ref>
|100-150
|240 (60-881)
|7,500 ly
|[[Carina Nebula]]
|An [[luminous blue variable]] star, one of most massive star
|}
|}


Line 680: Line 380:
|bibcode=2018ApJ...867...98S |arxiv=1811.00549
|bibcode=2018ApJ...867...98S |arxiv=1811.00549
|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aadd97
|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aadd97
|s2cid=54511945
|doi-access=free
|doi-access=free
|s2cid=54511945
}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>

Revision as of 20:45, 30 April 2024

The age of the oldest known stars approaches the age of the universe, about 13.8 billion years. Some of these are among the first stars from reionization (the stellar dawn), ending the Dark Ages about 370,000 years after the Big Bang.[1] These are recognized as among the oldest individual stars observed so far:

Name Age
(billions of years) 		Mass (M☉) Distance Location description
The Methuselah Star or HD 140283 13.7 ± 0.7[2][a] ~0.8 190 ly[3] Milky Way, 19° north of Galactic Centre, closer than the Galactic bulge.
2MASS J18082002−5104378 13.53[4][5] ~0.8 1 950 ly Milky Way thin disk
BD+17°3248 13.8 ± 4[6][a] ~0.8 968 ly Milky Way halo
HE 1219-0312 13.6 ~0.8 32 000 ly Milky Way halo
HD 164922 13.6 ~0.85 72 ly Milky Way halo
HD 221170[citation needed] 13.6 ~0.8 1 800 ly Milky Way halo
SMSS J031300.36−670839.3 13.4[7] ~0.75 6 000 ly Milky Way halo or Globular clusters
BPS CS22957-0027 or HE 2356-0410[citation needed] 13.4 ~0.8 36 000 ly Milky Way halo
J173823.38-145701.1[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.85 28 000 ly (8.5 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J182048.26-273329.2[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.8 20 000 ly (6.0 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J183744.90-280831.1[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.8 57 400 ly (17.6 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J183647.89-274333.1[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.8 22 000 ly (6.6 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J183812.72-270746.3[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.8 40 100 ly (12.3 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J183719.09-262725.0[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.8 32 600 ly (10.0 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J184201.19-302159.6[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.8 31 000 ly (9.6 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J184656.07-292351.5[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.75 31 000 ly (9.5 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J181406.68-313106.1[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.8 30 000 ly (9.3 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J181317.69-343801.9[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.75 21 000 ly (6.5 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J181219.68-343726.4[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.75 26 000 ly (8.0 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J181609.62-333218.7[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.8 33 900 ly (10.4 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J181634.60-340342.5[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.8 34 200 ly (10.5 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J175544.54-392700.9[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.8 44 000 ly (13.5 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J175455.52-380339.3[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.8 44 000 ly (13.5 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J175746.58-384750.0[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.75 30 000 ly (9.1 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J181736.59-391303.3[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.8 51 200 ly (15.7 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J181505.16-385514.9[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.8 16 000 ly (5.0 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J181921.64-381429.0[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.8 36 500 ly (11.2 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J175722.68-411731.8[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.85 40 400 ly (12.4 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J175021.86-414627.1[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.8 13 000 ly (4.1 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J175636.59-403545.9[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.8 32 000 ly (9.8 kpc) Milky Way bulge
J175433.19-411048.9[8] 13.2 or more[9] ~0.8 18 000 ly (5.6 kpc) Milky Way bulge
BPS CS22949-0037 or HE 2323-0256[citation needed] 13.2 ~0.8 22 000 ly Milky Way halo
HE 0557-4840[citation needed] 13.2 ~0.85 45 000 ly Milky Way halo
HE 1327-2326 13.2 ~0.75 4 000 ly Milky Way halo
HE 1523-0901 13.2 ~0.8 7 500 ly Milky Way halo
HE 2327-5642[citation needed] 13.2 ~0.8 18 000 ly Milky Way halo
HE 2252-4225[citation needed] 13 ~0.85 75 000 ly Milky Way halo
Caffau's Star or SDSS J102915+172927 13 ~0.8 4 500 ly (1.37+.15
−.12 kpc) 		Milky Way halo
SDSS J001820.5−093939.2 13 ~0.8 40 000 ly Milky Way halo
HE 0107-5240 13 ~0.8 36 000 ly Milky Way halo
HE 0020-1741 13 ~0.8 22 000 ly Milky Way halo
Sneden's Star or BPS CS22892-0052 13 ~0.8 15 300 ly Milky Way halo
Cayrel's Star or BPS CS31082-0001 13 ~0.8 14 000 ly
(4 kpc) 		Milky Way halo
HD 122563 13 ~0.85 770 ly Milky Way halo
HD 130322 13 ~0.8 103 ly Milky Way halo

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Note conflicting estimates: Star’s estimated age exceeds the estimated age of the universe.

References

  1. ^ Barkana, Rennan (1 March 2018). "Possible interaction between baryons and dark-matter particles revealed by the first stars". Nature. 555 (7694): 71–74. arXiv:1803.06698. Bibcode:2018Natur.555...71B. doi:10.1038/nature25791. PMID 29493590. S2CID 4391544.
  2. ^ Creevey, O.L.; Thévenin, F.; Berio, P.; Heiter, U.; von Braun, K.; Mourard, D.; et al. (2015). "Benchmark stars for Gaia fundamental properties of the Population II star HD 140283 from interferometric, spectroscopic, and photometric data". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 575: A26. arXiv:1410.4780. Bibcode:2015A&A...575A..26C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424310. S2CID 18003446.
  3. ^ David Crookes (7 March 2022). "Methuselah: The oldest star in the universe". Space.com. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  4. ^ Schlaufman, Kevin C.; Thompson, Ian B.; Casey, Andrew R. (5 November 2018). "An ultra metal-poor star near the hydrogen-burning limit". The Astrophysical Journal. 867 (2): 98. arXiv:1811.00549. Bibcode:2018ApJ...867...98S. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aadd97. S2CID 54511945.
  5. ^ "One of Milky Way's oldest stars discovered". SciNews.com. 6 November 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  6. ^ Cowan, John J.; Sneden, Christopher; Burles, Scott; Ivans, Inese I.; Beers, Timothy C.; Truran, James W.; et al. (June 2002). "The Chemical Composition and Age of the Metal-poor Halo Star BD +17°3248". The Astrophysical Journal. 572 (2): 861–879. arXiv:astro-ph/0202429. Bibcode:2002ApJ...572..861C. doi:10.1086/340347. S2CID 119503888.
  7. ^ Ishigaki, Miho N.; Tominaga, Nozomu; Kobayashi, Chiaki; Nomoto, Ken'ichi (2014). "Faint Population III supernovae as the origin of the most iron-poor stars". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 792 (2): L32. arXiv:1404.4817. Bibcode:2014ApJ...792L..32I. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/792/2/L32. S2CID 119012372.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w
    Howes, L.M.; Casey, A.R.; Asplund, M.; Keller, S.C.; Yong, D.; Nataf, D.M.; et al. (26 November 2015). "Extremely metal-poor stars from the cosmic dawn in the bulge of the Milky Way". Nature. 527 (7579): 484–487. arXiv:1511.03930. Bibcode:2015Natur.527..484H. doi:10.1038/nature15747. hdl:2299/19217. PMID 26560034. S2CID 4446599.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w
    Tumlinson, Jason (2010). "Chemical evolution in hierarchical models of cosmic structure. II. The formation of the Milky Way stellar halo and the distribution of the oldest stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 708 (2): 1398–1418. arXiv:0911.1786. Bibcode:2010ApJ...708.1398T. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/708/2/1398. S2CID 118367629.
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