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{{short description|Indian space probe, launched in 2013}}
{{about|the Indian Mars probe|other Mars orbiters|list of Mars orbiters|and|list of missions to Mars}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| auto = all
| name = Mars Orbiter Mission
| names_list = ''Mars Orbiter Mission'', ''MOM'', ''Mangalyaan''
| image = File:Mars Orbiter Mission Over Mars (15237158879).jpg
| image_caption = Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft around Mars (illustration)
| image_size = 275px
| mission_type = [[Mars]] orbiter
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID = 2013-060A
| SATCAT = 39370
| website = {{URL|http://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission}}
| mission_duration = Planned: 6 months<ref name="spaceflight Sept">{{cite news |url=http://www.spaceflight101.com/mars-orbiter-mission-updates.html |title=Mars Orbiter Spacecraft completes Engine Test, fine-tunes its Course |work=Spaceflight 101 |date=22 September 2014 |access-date=24 September 2014}}</ref> <br /> Final: {{time interval|24 September 2014|01 April 2022|show=ymd|sep=,}}
| spacecraft_bus = [[I-1K]]<ref name="specifications"/>
| manufacturer = [[U R Rao Satellite Centre]]
| launch_mass = {{convert|1337.2|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="Arunan2015">{{cite journal |title=Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft and its challenges |journal=Current Science |first1=S. |last1=Arunan |first2=R. |last2=Satish |volume=109 |issue=6 |pages=1061–1069 |date=25 September 2015 |doi=10.18520/v109/i6/1061-1069|doi-access=free|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/109/06/1061.pdf}}</ref>
| dry_mass = {{convert|482.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="Arunan2015" />
| BOL_mass = ≈{{convert|550|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="wapo20140924"/>
| payload_mass = {{convert|13.4|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="Arunan2015" />
| dimensions = {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} cube
| power = 840&nbsp;watts<ref name="specifications">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/mars-orbiter-mission-spacecraft |title=Mars Orbiter Mission Spacecraft |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-date=25 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225220451/http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/mars-orbiter-mission-spacecraft |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| launch_date = {{start date text|5 November 2013, 09:08}}&nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]<ref name="ISROGOV_20131107"/><ref name="launch">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-to-launch-Mars-Orbiter-Mission-on-November-5/articleshow/24548060.cms |title=India to launch Mars Orbiter Mission on November 5 |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |date=22 October 2013 |access-date=22 October 2013}}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-XL]] C25<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c25 |title=Mars Orbiter Mission: Launch Vehicle |publisher=ISRO |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-date=25 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125121147/http://isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#First Launch Pad|Satish Dhawan Space Centre, FLP]]
| launch_contractor = ISRO
| last_contact = April 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/MOM_NationalMeet_2022SEP.html |title=UPDATE ON THE MARS ORBITER MISSION (MOM)|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) website|access-date=20 January 2023}}</ref>
| interplanetary = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = orbiter
|object = [[Mars]]
|orbits =
|arrival_date = 24 September 2014, 02:10&nbsp;UTC (7:40&nbsp;[[Indian Standard Time|IST]])<ref name="Isroprel"/><ref name="prelaunch Oct 2013">{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/technology/science/India-becomes-first-country-to-enter-mars-orbit-on-their-first-attempt/story-fnjwlbuf-1227068835676?nk=20dfb6bbe7f9267fcf8572967c544066 |title=India becomes first country to enter Mars' orbit on their first attempt |work=Herald Sun |agency=Agence France-Presse |first=Harry |last=Tucker |date=25 September 2014 |access-date=24 September 2014 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530200912/https://www.heraldsun.com.au/technology/science/india-becomes-first-country-to-enter-mars-orbit-on-their-first-attempt/story-fnjwlbuf-1227068835676?nk=20dfb6bbe7f9267fcf8572967c544066 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <br /> {{small| [[Timekeeping on Mars|MSD]] 50027 06:27 [[Airy Mean Time|AMT]] }} <br /> {{small| {{time interval|24 September 2014 02:10|show=d|sep=,}}{{\}}{{Age in sols|2014|09|24}} sols }}
|periapsis = {{convert|421.7|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Isroprel">{{cite press release |url=http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Sep24_2014 |title=Mars Orbiter Spacecraft Successfully Inserted into Mars Orbit |publisher=ISRO |date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925151403/http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Sep24_2014 |archive-date=25 September 2014}}</ref>
|apoapsis = {{convert|76993.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Isroprel"/>
|inclination = 150.0°<ref name="Isroprel"/>
|apsis = areon
}}
| instruments_list = {{Infobox spaceflight/Instruments
| acronym1 = MCC | name1 = Mars Colour Camera
| acronym2 = TIS | name2 = Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer
| acronym3 = MSM | name3 = Methane Sensor for Mars
| acronym4 = MENCA | name4 = Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyser
| acronym5 = LAP | name5 = Lyman Alpha Photometer
}}
| insignia = Mars Orbiter Mission Mission Insignia.png
| insignia_caption = Insignia depicting journey from Earth to an elliptical Martian orbit using Mars symbol
| programme = [[Indian Mars exploration missions]]
| next_mission = [[Mars Orbiter Mission 2]]
}}

The '''Mars Orbiter Mission''' ('''MOM'''), unofficially known as '''''Mangalyaan'''''<ref>{{Citation |title=I Interviewed ISRO Chief S Somanath {{!}} Chandrayaan 3 (He mentioned official name is not Mangalyaan but just MOM or Mars Orbiter Mission) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SO06qo6UyBY&t=41m44s |access-date=2023-07-14 |language=en}}</ref> (from [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|[[Maṅgala]]}}, 'Mars', and {{lang|sa|yāna}}, 'craft, vehicle'),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2013-060A |title=Mangalyaan |publisher=NASA |date=2013 |access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Sanskrit">{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/27242-india-mars-mission-arrival.html |title=India's First Mars Probe Makes Historic Red Planet Arrival |work=Space.com |first=Mike |last=Wall |date=23 September 2014 |quote=The MOM probe, which is named Mangalyaan (Sanskrit for "Mars craft"), executed a 24-minute orbital insertion burn Tuesday night, ending a 10-month space journey that began with the spacecraft's launch on Nov. 5, 2013}}</ref> was a [[space probe]] orbiting [[Mars]] since 24 September 2014. It was launched on 5 November 2013 by the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO).<ref name="Pro">{{cite news |url=http://www.webpronews.com/india-announces-mars-mission-one-week-after-curiosity-landing-2012-08 |title=India Announces Mars Mission One Week After Landing |work=Web Pro News |first=Zach |last=Walton |date=15 August 2012 |access-date=8 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="India-20120815">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article3775271.ece |title=Manmohan Singh formally announces India's Mars mission |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=Press Trust of India |date=15 August 2012 |access-date=31 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20120830">{{cite news |url=http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/30/india-and-china-race-to-send-a-mission-to-mars/ |title=BRICS in Space |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Bal |first=Hartosh Singh |date=30 August 2012 |access-date=31 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20131123">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/23/opinion/india-must-go-to-mars.html |title=Why India Is Going to Mars |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Patairiya |first=Pawan Kumar |date=23 November 2013 |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref> It was India's first interplanetary mission<ref name="NYT-20140925-ED">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/26/opinion/indias-mars-shot.html |title=India's Mars Shot |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 September 2014 |access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref> and it made ISRO the fourth [[List of space agencies|space agency]] to achieve Mars orbit, after [[Roscosmos]], [[NASA]], and the [[European Space Agency]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/india-launches-mars-orbiter-mission/story?id=20793860 |title=India Launches Mars Orbiter Mission, Heralds New Space Race |work=ABC News |first=Jon M. |last=Chang |date=5 November 2013 |access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> It made [[India]] the first Asian nation to reach the Martian orbit and the first nation in the world to do so on its maiden attempt.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/sep/24/india-mars-satellite-successfully-enters-orbit |title=India's Mars satellite successfully enters orbit, bringing country into space elite |work=The Guardian |first=Jason |last=Burke |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=24 September 2014 |quote=India has become the first nation to send a satellite into orbit around Mars on its first attempt, and the first Asian nation to do so.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/india-is-the-first-asian-nation-to-touch-mars-orbit-joins-elite-global-space-club/2014/09/23/b6bc6992-a432-4f1e-87ad-5d6fc4da3460_story.html |title=India becomes first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit, joins elite global space club |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Rama |last=Lakshmi |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=24 September 2014 |quote=India became the first Asian nation to reach the Red Planet when its indigenously made unmanned spacecraft entered the orbit of Mars on Wednesday}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/09/23/world/asia/mars-india-orbiter/index.html |title=India's spacecraft reaches Mars orbit ... and history |work=CNN |first=Madison |last=Park |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=24 September 2014 |quote=India's Mars Orbiter Mission successfully entered Mars' orbit Wednesday morning, making India the first nation to arrive on its first attempt and the first Asian country to reach the Red Planet.}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20140924-GH">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/25/world/asia/on-a-shoestring-india-sends-orbiter-to-mars.html |title=On a Shoestring, India Sends Orbiter to Mars on Its First Try |work=The New York Times |last=Harris |first=Gardiner |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref>

The Mars Orbiter Mission probe lifted off from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad|First Launch Pad]] at [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] ([[Sriharikota]] Range SHAR), [[Andhra Pradesh]], using a [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV) rocket C25 at 09:08 ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) on 5 November 2013.<ref name="ISROGOV_20131107">{{cite web |title=Mars Orbiter Spacecraft's Orbit Raised |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-nov-2013/mars-orbiter-spacecrafts-orbit-raised |access-date=27 December 2020 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123030553/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-nov-2013/mars-orbiter-spacecrafts-orbit-raised |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/10/indias-mars-mission-mangalyaan-to-be-launched-on-november-5/ |title=India's Mars Mission Mangalyaan to be launched on November 5 |work=Bihar Prabha |date=22 October 2013 |access-date=22 October 2013}}</ref> The [[launch window]] was approximately 20 days long and started on 28 October 2013.<ref name="launch" /> The MOM probe spent about a month in [[geocentric orbit|Earth orbit]], where it made a series of seven [[apogee]]-raising [[orbital maneuver|orbital manœuvres]] before [[trans-Mars injection]] on 30 November 2013 ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]).<ref name="isro20131202">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/mars/updates.aspx |title=Mars Orbiter Mission: Latest Updates |publisher=ISRO |date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010404/http://isro.org/mars/updates.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> After a 298-day transit to Mars, it was put into Mars orbit on 24 September 2014.

The mission was a [[technology demonstrator]] project to develop the technologies for designing, planning, management, and operations of an interplanetary mission.<ref name="ISSDC-201209">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/pslv-c25/mission-objective.aspx |title=Mars Orbiter Mission: Mission Objectives |publisher=ISRO |access-date=8 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017141751/http://www.isro.org/pslv-c25/mission-objective.aspx |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> It carried five scientific instruments.<ref name="bbc20140924">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29341850 |title=Why India's Mars mission is so cheap – and thrilling |work=BBC News |last=Amos |first=Jonathan |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=25 September 2014 |quote=Its measurements of other atmospheric components will dovetail very nicely with Maven and the observations being made by Europe's Mars Express. "It means we'll be getting three-point measurements, which is tremendous."}}</ref> The spacecraft was monitored from the Spacecraft Control Centre at [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network]] (ISTRAC) in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] with support from the [[Indian Deep Space Network]] (IDSN) antennae at [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/12/mangalyaan-successfully-placed-into-mars-transfer-trajectory/ |title=Mangalyaan successfully placed into Mars Transfer Trajectory |work=Bihar Prabha |date=1 December 2013 |access-date=1 December 2013}}</ref>

On 2 October 2022, it was reported that the orbiter had irrecoverably lost communications with Earth after entering a seven-hour eclipse period in April 2022 that it was not designed to survive.<ref name="toi-20221002">{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/designed-to-last-six-months-indias-mars-orbiter-bids-adieu-after-8-long-years/articleshow/94599977.cms |title=Designed to last six months, India's Mars Orbiter bids adieu after 8 long years |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 October 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="PTI_MOM_EOM">{{cite news |title=With drained battery & no fuel, India's Mars Orbiter craft quietly bids adieu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/oct/02/with-drained-battery-no-fuel-indias-mars-orbiter-craft-quietly-bids-adieu-2504219.html |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="ISRO_PR_EOL">{{Cite web |title=SCIENCE PROGRAMME OFFICE (SPO), ISRO HEADQUARTERS |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/MOM_NationalMeet_2022SEP.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003123127/https://www.isro.gov.in/MOM_NationalMeet_2022SEP.html |archive-date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=www.isro.gov.in |quote=It was also discussed that despite being designed for a life-span of six months as a technology demonstrator, the Mars Orbiter Mission has lived for about eight years in the Martian orbit with a gamut of significant scientific results on Mars as well as on the Solar corona, before losing communication with the ground station as a result of a long eclipse in April 2022. During the national meet, ISRO deliberated that the propellant must have been exhausted, and therefore, the desired attitude pointing could not be achieved for sustained power generation. It was declared that the spacecraft is non-recoverable, and attended its end-of-life. The mission will be ever-regarded as a remarkable technological and scientific feat in the history of planetary exploration.}}</ref> The following day, ISRO released a statement that all attempts to revive MOM had failed and officially declared it dead, citing the loss of fuel and battery power to the probe's instruments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangalyaan mission is dead! ISRO Mars Orbiter breaks Indian hearts; it was truly SPECIAL |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/techandscience/mangalyaan-mission-is-dead-isro-mars-orbiter-breaks-indian-hearts-it-was-truly-special/ar-AA12zusB |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=MSN |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==History==
In November 2008, the first public acknowledgement of an uncrewed mission to Mars was announced by then-ISRO chairman [[G. Madhavan Nair]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.oneindia.com/2008/11/23/mission-to-mars-next-ambition-of-isro-madhavan-nair-1227412909.html |title=After Chandrayaan, its mission to Mars: Madhavan Nair |work=[[Oneindia]] |agency=United News of India |date=23 November 2008 |access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> The MOM mission concept began with a feasibility study in 2010 by the [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] after the launch of lunar satellite [[Chandrayaan-1]] in 2008. Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] approved the project on 3 August 2012,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/manmohan-formally-announces-indias-mars-mission/article3775271.ece |title=Manmohan Singh formally announces India's Mars mission |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=Press Trust of India |date=15 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-clears-mars-mission/article3723817.ece |title=Cabinet clears Mars mission |work=The Hindu |date=4 August 2012 |access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref> after the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] completed {{INRConvert|125|c|0}} of required studies for the orbiter.<ref name=Chennai>{{cite web |url=http://www.marsdaily.com/reports/Indias_Mars_mission_gets_Rs_125_crore_999.html |title=India's Mars mission gets Rs. 125 crore |work=Mars Daily |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=19 March 2012 |access-date=4 February 2014}}</ref> The total project cost may be up to {{INRConvert|454|c|0}}.<ref name="Pro"/><ref name=Dchr>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/editorial/op-ed/%E2%80%98we-are-planning-send-our-first-orbiter-mars-2013%E2%80%99-548 |title=We are planning to send our first orbiter to Mars in 2013 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=12 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812200201/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/editorial/op-ed/%E2%80%98we-are-planning-send-our-first-orbiter-mars-2013%E2%80%99-548 |archive-date=12 August 2012}}</ref> The satellite costs {{INRConvert|153|c|0}} and the rest of the budget has been attributed to ground stations and relay upgrades that will be used for other ISRO projects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rocket-science-how-isro-flew-to-mars-cheap/story-WuxDKgSWXegskycsvxFtcO.html |title=Rocket science: how ISRO flew to Mars cheap |work=Hindustan Times |first=Pramit Pal |last=Chaudhuri |date=6 November 2013 |access-date=4 February 2014}}</ref>

The space agency had planned the launch on 28 October 2013 but was postponed to 5 November following the delay in ISRO's spacecraft tracking ships to take up pre-determined positions due to poor weather in the Pacific Ocean.<ref name=launch/> Launch opportunities for a fuel-saving [[Hohmann transfer orbit]] occur every 26 months, in this case the next two would be in 2016 and 2018.<ref name="telegraph20120816">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/9479156/India-plans-mission-to-Mars-next-year.html |title=India plans mission to Mars next year |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=16 August 2012 |access-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>

Assembly of the PSLV-XL launch vehicle, designated C25, started on 5 August 2013.<ref name="TOIAssly1">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Isro-kicks-off-Mars-mission-campaign-with-PSLV-assembly/articleshow/21636884.cms |title=Isro kicks off Mars mission campaign with PSLV assembly |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |first=Srinivas |last=Laxman |date=6 August 2013 |access-date=6 August 2013}}</ref> The mounting of the five scientific instruments was completed at [[Indian Space Research Organisation Satellite Centre]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], and the finished spacecraft was shipped to Sriharikota on 2 October 2013 for integration to the PSLV-XL launch vehicle.<ref name="TOIAssly1"/> The satellite's development was fast-tracked and completed in a record 15 months,<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-s-mission-mars-the-journey-begins-427247 |title=India's Mission Mars: The journey begins |work=NDTV |first=Pallava |last=Bagla |date=3 October 2013 |access-date=3 October 2013}}</ref> partly due to using reconfigured [[Chandrayaan-2]] orbiter bus.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-25|title=How ISRO modified a lunar orbiter into Mars orbiter Mangalyaan, India's 'Moon Man' recalls|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/how-isro-modified-a-lunar-orbiter-into-mars-orbiter-mangalyaan-indias-moon-man-recalls-2320097.html|access-date=2020-10-25|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref> Despite the [[United States federal government shutdown of 2013|US federal government shutdown]], NASA reaffirmed on 5 October 2013 it would provide communications and navigation support to the mission "with their [[Deep Space Network]] facilities.".<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Oct05_2013 |title=NASA Reaffirms Support for Mars Orbiter Mission |publisher=ISRO |date=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017141915/http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Oct05_2013 |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> During a meeting on 30 September 2014, NASA and ISRO officials signed an agreement to establish a pathway for future joint missions to explore Mars. One of the working group's objectives will be to explore potential coordinated observations and science analysis between the [[MAVEN]] orbiter and MOM, as well as other current and future Mars missions.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/us-india-to-collaborate-on-mars-exploration-earth-observing-mission/ |title=U.S., India to Collaborate on Mars Exploration, Earth-Observing Mission |publisher=NASA |id=Release 14-266 |date=30 September 2014 |access-date=8 October 2014}}</ref>

On 2 October 2022, it was reported that the orbiter had irrecoverably lost communications with Earth after entering long eclipse period in April 2022 that it was not designed to survive. At the time of communications loss it was unknown whether the probe had lost power or inadvertently realigned its Earth-facing antenna during automatic maneuvers.<ref name="toi-20221002" />

===Team===
Some of the scientists of isro and engineers involved in the mission include:<ref>[https://www.timesnownews.com/amp/technology-science/article/mission-mangal-real-story-isro-mars-mission-real-scientist/468985 Meet ISRO's real Mangalyaan team before watching Mission Mangal in theatres this Independence Day.] Sushant Talwar, ''Times Now''. 14 August 2019.</ref>
*[[K. Radhakrishnan]] led as Chairman ISRO.
*V Kesava Raju was the Mars Orbiter Mission Director.
*[[Subbiah Arunan]] was the Project Director at the Mars Orbiter Mission.
*BS Kiran was the Associate Project Director of Flight Dynamics.
*V Koteswara Rao was the ISRO scientific secretary.
*Chandradathan was the Director of the Liquid Propulsion System.
*[[Moumita Dutta]] was the Project manager of the Mars Orbiter Mission.
*[[Nandini Harinath]] was the Deputy Operations Director of Navigation.
*[[Ritu Karidhal]] was the Deputy Operations Director of Navigation.
*[[S. K. Shivakumar]] was the Director at the ISRO Satellite Centre. He was also a Project Director for the [[Indian Deep Space Network]]. Mars Orbiter Mission is the product of [[ISRO Satellite Centre]] (ISAC). He spearheaded the task of conceptualization, design and realization of the unique spacecraft MOM. He ingeniously planned to realize the spacecraft in a record time of 15 months
*[[Mylswamy Annadurai]] was the Programme Director and was in charge of budget management as well as direction for spacecraft configuration, schedule and resources.
*B Jayakumar was an Associate Project Director at the PSLV programme which was responsible for testing the rocket systems.
*S Ramakrishnan was the Director who helped in the development of the liquid propulsion system of the PSLV launcher.
*[[P. Kunhikrishnan]] was the Project Director in the PSLV programme. He was also a Mission director of the PSLV-C25/Mars Orbiter Mission.
*[[A. S. Kiran Kumar]] was the Director of the Satellite Application Centre, who later went on to be the [[Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation|Chairman ISRO]] after this, when the team studied the Mard
*[[M. Y. S. Prasad]] is the Director at Satish Dhawan Space Centre. He was also the chairman of the Launch Authorisation Board.
*MS Pannirselvam was the Chief General Manager at the Sriharikota Rocket port and was tasked to maintain launch schedules.

==Cost==
The total cost of the mission was approximately {{INR}}450 [[Crore]] ({{US$|73 million}}),<ref name="ibtimes20131105">{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/india-successfully-launches-first-mission-to-mars-pm-congratulates-isro-team-photos-519719 |title=India Successfully Launches First Mission to Mars; PM Congratulates ISRO Team |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=5 November 2013 |access-date=13 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="ndtv20131105">{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/india-s-450-crore-mission-to-mars-to-begin-today-10-facts-441410 |title=India's 450-crore mission to Mars to begin today: 10 facts |work=[[NDTV]] |first=Abhinav |last=Bhatt |date=5 November 2013 |access-date=13 October 2014}}</ref> making it the least-expensive Mars mission to date.<ref name="csmon20131105">{{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2013/1105/India-s-Mars-mission-worth-the-cost-video |title=India's Mars mission: worth the cost? |work=[[Christian Science Monitor]] |first=Shivam |last=Vij |date=5 November 2013 |access-date=13 October 2014}}</ref> The low cost of the mission was ascribed by ISRO chairman [[K. Radhakrishnan]] to various factors, including a "modular approach", few ground tests and long working days (18 to 20 hours) for scientists.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saritharai/2013/11/07/how-indias-isro-launched-its-mars-mission-at-cut-rate-costs/ |title=How India Launched Its Mars Mission At Cut-Rate Costs |work=Forbes |first=Saritha |last=Rai |date=7 November 2013 |access-date=26 September 2014}}</ref> [[BBC]]'s Jonathan Amos specified lower worker costs, home-grown technologies, simpler design, and a significantly less complicated payload than NASA's [[MAVEN]].<ref name="bbc20140924"/>

==Mission objectives==
[[File:Mars Orbiter Mission Spacecraft.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Rendering of the Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft.]]
The primary objective of the mission is to develop the technologies required for designing, planning, management and operations of an [[interplanetary mission]].<ref name="ISSDC-201209"/> The secondary objective is to explore Mars' surface features, [[Geomorphology|morphology]], [[mineralogy]] and [[Atmosphere of Mars|Martian atmosphere]] using indigenous scientific instruments.<ref name="Leonard-Oct2013">{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/23204-india-mars-orbiter-mission.html |title=India's First Mission to Mars to Launch This Month |work=Space.com |first=Leonard |last=David |date=16 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013}}</ref>

The main objectives are to develop the technologies required for designing, planning, management and operations of an interplanetary mission comprising the following major tasks:<ref name="Ajey">{{cite book |title=Mission Mars: India's Quest for the Red Planet |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |last=Lele |first=Ajey |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-322-1520-2}}</ref>{{rp|42}}

* Orbit manoeuvres to transfer the spacecraft from Earth-centred orbit to heliocentric trajectory and finally, capture into Martian orbit
* Development of force models and algorithms for orbit and [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude]] (orientation) computations and analysis
* Navigation in all phases
* Maintain the spacecraft in all phases of the mission
* Meeting power, communications, thermal and payload operation requirements
* Incorporate autonomous features to handle contingency situations

===Scientific objectives===
The scientific objectives deal with the following major aspects:<ref name="Ajey"/>{{rp|43}}

* [[Exploration of Mars]] surface features by studying the morphology, topography and mineralogy
* Study the constituents of Martian atmosphere including [[methane]] and {{CO2}} using remote sensing techniques
* Study the dynamics of the upper atmosphere of Mars, effects of [[solar wind]] and radiation and the escape of volatiles to outer space

The mission would also provide multiple opportunities to observe the Martian moon [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]] and also offer an opportunity to identify and re-estimate the orbits of asteroids seen during the Martian Transfer Trajectory.<ref name="Ajey"/>{{rp|43}} The spacecraft also provided the first views ever of the far side of Martian Moon [[Deimos (moon)|Deimos]].

=== Studies ===
In May–June 2015 Indian scientists got an opportunity to study the Solar Corona during the Mars conjunction when earth and Mars are on the opposite sides of the sun. During this period the S band waves emitted by MOM were transmitted through the Solar Corona that extends millions of kms into space. This event helped scientists study the Solar surface and regions where temperature changed abruptly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=rajasekhar |first=pathri |date=2022-03-02 |title=ISRO scientists study Sun using Mangalyaan |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/science/science/020322/isro-scientists-study-solar-corona-using-mars-orbiter-mission.html |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

==Spacecraft design==
*'''Mass''': The lift-off mass was {{convert|1337.2|kg|abbr=on}}, including {{convert|852|kg|abbr=on}} of propellant.<ref name="Arunan2015" />
*'''Bus''': The spacecraft's [[Satellite bus|bus]] is a modified [[Comparison of satellite buses|I-1 K]] structure and propulsion hardware configuration, similar to [[Chandrayaan-1]], India's lunar orbiter that operated from 2008 to 2009, with specific improvements and upgrades needed for a Mars mission.<ref name="Leonard-Oct2013"/> The satellite structure is constructed of an aluminium and composite fibre reinforced plastic ([[Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer|CFRP]]) sandwich construction.<ref>[https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/mars-orbiter-mission-spacecraft Mars Orbiter Mission Spacecraft.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205233935/https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/mars-orbiter-mission-spacecraft |date=5 February 2019 }} [[ISRO]]. Accessed on 18 August 2019.</ref>
*'''Power''': Electric power is generated by three [[solar array]] panels of {{convert|1.8|x|1.4|m|abbr=on}} each ({{convert|7.56|m2|abbr=on}} total), for a maximum of 840 watts of power generation in Mars orbit. Electricity is stored in a 36 [[ampere hour|Ah]] [[Lithium-ion battery]].<ref name="specifications"/><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2017/04/e3sconf_espc2017_04001.pdf|title=Multijunction Solar Cell Performance in Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) conditions|journal=E3S Web of Conferences|volume=16|pages=04001|date=2016|doi=10.1051/e3sconf/20171604001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206052056/https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2017/04/e3sconf_espc2017_04001.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2019|access-date=6 Feb 2019|last1=Uma|first1=BR|last2=Sankaran|first2=M.|last3=Puthanveettil|first3=Suresh E.|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*'''Propulsion''': A liquid fuel engine with a thrust of {{convert|440|N|lk=on}} is used for orbit raising and insertion into Mars orbit. The orbiter also has eight {{convert|22|N|adj=on}} thrusters for [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude control]] (orientation).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/mars/challenges.aspx |title=Mars Orbiter Mission: Major Challenges |publisher=ISRO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113085709/http://www.isro.org/mars/challenges.aspx |archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref> Its propellant mass at launch was {{convert|852|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="specifications"/>
*'''Attitude and Orbit Control System''': Maneuvering system that includes electronics with a [[MIL-STD-1750A|MAR31750]] processor, two star sensors, a solar panel Sun sensor, a coarse analog Sun sensor, four reaction wheels, and the primary propulsion system.<ref name="specifications"/><ref name="Savitha2015">{{cite conference |title=Onboard processor validation for space applications |conference=2015 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics. 10–13 August 2015. Kochi, India. |first1=A. |last1=Savitha |first2=Rajiv R. |last2=Chetwani |first3=M. |last3=Ravindra |first4=K. M. |last4=Baradwaj |date=2015 |doi=10.1109/ICACCI.2015.7275677}}</ref>
*'''Antennae''': Low gain antenna, mid gain antenna, and high gain antenna.<ref name="specifications"/>

==Scientific instruments==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-family:arial;"
|-
! Colspan=3 | Scientific instruments
|-
| LAP || ''Lyman-Alpha Photometer'' || {{convert|1.97|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|-
| MSM || ''Methane Sensor for Mars'' <ref name=repurposed>{{cite news |url=https://www.seeker.com/india-mars-orbiter-mission-methane-detector-flaw-red-planet-2133861312.html |title=India's Mars Orbiter Mission Has a Methane Problem |work=Seeker |first=Irene |last=Klotz |date=7 December 2016 |access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> || {{convert|2.94|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|-
| MENCA || ''Mars Exospheric Neutral <br />Composition Analyser'' || {{convert|3.56|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|-
| TIS || ''Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer'' || {{convert|3.20|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|-
| MCC || ''Mars Colour Camera'' || {{convert|1.27|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|}

[[File:Assembly Animation of Mars Orbiter Mission.webm|thumb|325px|start=3|end=577|Animated assembly of Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft]]

The {{convert|15|kg|lb|abbr=on}} scientific payload consists of five instruments:<ref name="payload">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission/payloads |title=Mars Orbiter Mission: Payloads |publisher=ISRO |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228114947/http://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission/payloads |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Kumar">{{cite news |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/360-todays-newspaper/121404-amangal-to-budget-from-mangalyaan-say-experts.html |title=Amangal to budget from Mangalyaan, say experts |work=Daily Pioneer |first=Kumar |last=Chellappan |date=11 January 2013 |access-date=11 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117051430/http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/360-todays-newspaper/121404-amangal-to-budget-from-mangalyaan-say-experts.html |archive-date=17 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mars-mission-gets-october-2013-launch-date-deadline-as-india-reaches-out-to-the-stars/1054576/0 |title=Mars mission gets October, 2013 launch date deadline as India reaches out to the stars |work=The Indian Express |agency=Press Trust of India |date=4 January 2013 |access-date=5 January 2013}}</ref>

*'''Atmospheric studies:'''
** Lyman-Alpha Photometer (LAP) – a [[photometer]] that measures the relative abundance of [[deuterium]] and [[hydrogen]] from [[Lyman-alpha line|Lyman-alpha emissions]] in the upper atmosphere. Measuring the deuterium/hydrogen ratio will allow an estimation of the amount of water loss to [[outer space]]. The nominal plan to operate LAP is between the ranges of approximately {{convert|3000|km|mi|abbr=on}} before and after Mars periapsis. Minimum observation duration for achieving LAP's science goals is 60 minutes per orbit during normal range of operation. The objectives of this instrument are as follows:<ref name="Ajey"/>{{rp|56,57}}
***Estimation of D/H ratio
***Estimation of escape flux of H2 corona
***Generation of [[hydrogen]] and [[deuterium]] coronal profiles.
** Methane Sensor for Mars (MSM) – was meant to measure [[Atmosphere of Mars#Methane|methane in the atmosphere of Mars]], if any, and map its sources with an accuracy of few 10s parts-per-billion (ppb).<ref name="payload"/> After entering Mars orbit it was determined that the instrument, although in good working condition, had a design flaw and it was incapable of distinguishing methane on Mars. The instrument can accurately map Mars albedo at 1.65&nbsp;um.<ref name=repurposed/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission/global-albedo-map-of-mars |title=Global Albedo Map of Mars |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |date=14 July 2017 |access-date=16 May 2018 |archive-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126155343/https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission/global-albedo-map-of-mars |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*** MSM Design Flaw. The MSM sensor was expected to measure methane in the Mars atmosphere; methane on Earth is often associated with life. However, after it entered orbit, it was reported that there was an issue with how it collected and processed data. The spectrometer could measure intensity of different spectral bands, [such as methane] but instead of sending back the spectra, it sent back the sum of the sampled spectra and also the gaps between the sampled lines. The difference was supposed to be the methane signal, but since other spectra such as carbon dioxide could have varying intensities, it was not possible to determine the actual methane intensity. The device was repurposed as an albedo mapper.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/34943-india-mars-orbiter-mission-methane-detector-flaw-red-planet.html |title=India's Mars Orbiter Mission Has a Methane Problem |work=space.com |date=8 December 2016 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref>
*'''Particle environment studies:'''
** Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyser (MENCA) – is a [[quadrupole mass analyzer|quadrupole mass analyser]] capable of analysing the neutral composition of particles in the range of 1–300 amu (atomic mass unit) with unit mass resolution. The heritage of this payload is from Chandra's Altitudinal Composition Explorer (CHACE) payload aboard the Moon Impact Probe (MIP) in [[Chandrayaan-1]] mission. MENCA is planned to perform five observations per orbit with one hour per observation.<ref name="Ajey"/>{{rp|58}}
*'''Surface imaging studies:'''
** Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (TIS) – TIS measures the thermal emission and can be operated during both day and night. It would map surface composition and mineralogy of Mars and also monitor atmospheric {{chem2|CO2}} and turbidity (required for the correction of MSM data). Temperature and emissivity are the two basic physical parameters estimated from thermal emission measurement. Many minerals and soil types have characteristic spectra in TIR region. TIS can map surface composition and mineralogy of Mars.<ref name="Ajey"/>{{rp|59}}
** Mars Colour Camera (MCC) – This tricolour camera gives images and information about the surface features and composition of Martian surface. It is useful to monitor the dynamic events and weather of Mars like dust storms/atmospheric turbidity. MCC will also be used for probing the two satellites of Mars, [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]] and [[Deimos (moon)|Deimos]]. MCC would provide context information for other science payloads. MCC images are to be acquired whenever MSM and TIS data is acquired. Seven Apoareion Imaging of the entire disc and multiple Periareion images of {{convert|540|×|540|km|abbr=on}} are planned in every orbit.<ref name="Ajey"/>{{rp|58}}

==Telemetry and command==
{{further|Telemetry|Telecommand}}
The [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network]] performed navigation and tracking operations for the launch with ground stations at [[Sriharikota]] and [[Port Blair]] in [[India]], [[Brunei]] and [[Biak]] in [[Indonesia]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/367287/bangalore-centre-control-mars-orbiter.html |title=Bangalore centre to control Mars orbiter henceforth |work=Deccan Herald |agency=Deccan Herald News Service |date=6 November 2013 |access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> and after the spacecraft's [[apogee]] became more than 100,000&nbsp;km, an {{convert|18|m|abbr=on}} and a {{convert|32|m|abbr=on}} diameter antenna of the [[Indian Deep Space Network]] were utilised.<ref name=thin6n13>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mars-baton-shifts-to-istrac/article5318336.ece |title=Mars baton shifts to ISTRAC |newspaper=The Hindu |first=D. S. |last=Madhumathi |date=6 November 2013 |access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> The {{convert|18|m|abbr=on}} dish antenna was used for communication with the craft until April 2014, after which the larger {{convert|32|m|abbr=on}} antenna was used.<ref name=thin1052>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/mars-orbiter-well-on-its-way/article5471052.ece |title=Mars orbiter well on its way |newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=18 December 2013}}</ref> [[NASA Deep Space Network|NASA's Deep Space Network]] is providing position data through its three stations located in [[Canberra]], [[Madrid]] and [[Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex|Goldstone]] on the US West Coast during the non-visible period of ISRO's network.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/21766-indian-mars-mission-nasa-support.html |title=NASA's Deep Space Network to Support India's Mars Mission |work=Space.com |first=K. S. |last=Jayaraman |date=28 June 2013 |access-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> The [[South African National Space Agency]]'s (SANSA) [[Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory|Hartebeesthoek]] (HBK) ground station is also providing satellite tracking, telemetry and command services.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Mars-mission-India-gets-help-from-South-Africa-to-monitor-Mangalyaan/articleshow/26776024.cms |title=Mars mission: India gets help from South Africa to monitor 'Mangalyaan' |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |first=Ch. Sushil |last=Rao |date=3 December 2013}}</ref>

===Communications===
Communications are handled by two 230-watt [[TWTA]]s and two [[Unified S-band#Coherent transponders and Doppler tracking|coherent transponders]]. The antenna array consists of a [[low-gain antenna]], a medium-gain antenna and a [[high-gain antenna]]. The high-gain antenna system is based on a single {{convert|2.2|m|adj=on}} reflector illuminated by a feed at [[S-band]]. It is used to transmit and receive the telemetry, tracking, commanding and data to and from the [[Indian Deep Space Network]].<ref name="specifications"/>

==Mission profile==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Timeline of Operations
! style="width:6em" | Phase
! style="width:14em" | Date
! Event
! Detail
! Result
! References
|- style="background:#ffd;"
| rowspan=8 | '''[[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]] phase'''
| 5 November 2013 09:08&nbsp;UTC
| Launch
| Burn time: 15:35 min in 5 stages
| Apogee: {{convert|23550|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|<ref name=ET0611/>
|- style="background:#ffd;"
| 6 November 2013 19:47&nbsp;UTC
| Orbit raising manoeuvre
| Burn time: 416 sec
| Apogee: {{convert|28825|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|<ref name="TOI_0713"/>
|- style="background:#ffd;"
| 7 November 2013 20:48&nbsp;UTC
| Orbit raising manoeuvre
| Burn time: 570.6 sec
| Apogee: {{convert|40186|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|<ref name="MOM_Updates"/><ref name="IE0813"/>
|- style="background:#ffd;"
| 8 November 2013 20:40&nbsp;UTC
| Orbit raising manoeuvre
| Burn time: 707 sec
| Apogee: {{convert|71636|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|<ref name = "MOM_Updates"/><ref name="HT0911"/>
|- style="background:#ffd;"
| 10 November 2013 20:36&nbsp;UTC
| Orbit raising manoeuvre
| Incomplete burn
| Apogee: {{convert|78,276|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|<ref name="TOI111113"/>
|- style="background:#ffd;"
| 11 November 2013 23:33 UTC
| Orbit raising manoeuvre (supplementary)
| Burn time: 303.8 sec
| Apogee: {{convert|118642|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|<ref name="MOM_Updates"/>
|- style="background:#ffd"
| 15 November 2013 19:57 UTC
| Orbit raising manoeuvre
| Burn time: 243.5 sec
| Apogee: {{convert|192874|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|<ref name="MOM_Updates"/><ref name="TOI111113-1"/>
|- style="background:#ffd"
| 30 November 2013 19:19&nbsp;UTC
|[[Trans-Mars injection]]
| Burn time: 1328.89 sec
| [[heliocentric orbit|Heliocentric]] insertion
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/300-days-to-mars-countdown-begins-for-india/article1-1157724.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202133102/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/300-days-to-mars-countdown-begins-for-india/article1-1157724.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2013 |title=300 days to Mars: Countdown begins for India |work=Hindustan Times |first=Vanita |last=Srivastava |date=1 December 2013 |access-date=1 December 2013}}</ref>
|- style="background:#E6E6FA;"
|rowspan=6 |'''[[Heliocentric orbit|Heliocentric]] phase'''
| December 2013 – September&nbsp;2014
| colspan="3" align="center;" | ''En route'' to Mars – The probe travelled a distance of {{convert|780000000|km|mi}} in a [[Hohmann transfer orbit]]<ref name="telegraph20120816" /> around the Sun to reach Mars.<ref name=thin1052/> This phase plan included up to four trajectory corrections if needed.
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Isros-Mars-Orbiter-Mission-successfully-placed-in-Mars-transfer-trajectory/articleshow/26656881.cms |title=Isro's Mars Orbiter Mission successfully placed in Mars transfer trajectory |work=The Times of India |agency=Press Trust of India |date=1 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=TPS-EL>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2013/11300724-mars-orbiter-mission-ready.html |title=Mars Orbiter Mission ready to fly onward from Earth to Mars |publisher=The Planetary Society |last=Lakdawalla |first=Emily |author-link=Emily Lakdawalla |date=30 November 2013 |access-date=1 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/space/isro-successfully-performs-first-tcm-on-mars-orbiter_895915.html |title=ISRO successfully performs first TCM on Mars Orbiter |work=Zee News |agency=Press Trust of India |date=11 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/mangalyaans-next-successful-step-a-tricky-mid-course-correction-544123 |title=Mangalyaan's next successful step: a tricky mid-course correction |work=NDTV |first=Pallava |last=Bagla |editor-first=Shamik |editor-last=Ghosh |date=11 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="THin">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/mars-orbiter-gets-its-first-course-correction/article5446749.ece |title=Mars orbiter gets its first course correction |work=The Hindu |date=11 December 2013 |access-date=4 February 2014}}</ref>
|- style="background:#E6E6FA;"
| 11 December 2013 01:00 UTC
| 1st Trajectory correction
| Burn time: 40.5 sec
| Success
|<ref name="MOM_Updates"/><ref name="zeenews.india.com"/><ref name="ndtv.com"/><ref name="THin"/>
|- style="background:#E6E6FA;"
| 9 April 2014
| 2nd Trajectory correction (planned)
| Not required
| Rescheduled for 11 June 2014
| <ref name=TPS-EL/><ref name="THin"/><ref name="Recent_Status">{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/isromom/posts/1463309403906999 |title=ISRO's Mars Orbiter spacecraft has... |work=ISRO's Mars Orbiter Mission |publisher=Facebook.com |date=9 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="Jun_TCM">{{cite press release |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Apr09_2014 |title=Mars Orbiter Spacecraft Crosses Half Way Mark of its Journey |publisher=ISRO |date=9 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606045559/http://www.isro.gov.in/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Apr09_2014 |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/health-parameters-of-mars-orbiter-are-normal/article5742711.ece |title=Health parameters of Mars Orbiter are normal |work=The Hindu |first=S. |last=Ganesan |date=2 March 2014}}</ref>
|- style="background:#E6E6FA;"
| 11 June 2014 11:00&nbsp;UTC
| 2nd Trajectory correction
| Burn time: 16 sec
| Success
| <ref name="Recent_Status"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-02/news/50272494_1_mars-orbit-insertion-mars-mission-mars-orbiter |title=Trajectory correction of Mars mission likely by June 11 |work=The Economic Times |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2 June 2014}}</ref>
|- style="background:#E6E6FA;"
| August 2014
| 3rd Trajectory correction (planned)
| Not required<ref name="Recent_Status"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/coverage/marsorbitermission/marsorbitermission/mangalyaan-on-track-no-path-correction-in-august/sp-article10-1247284.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913231649/http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/coverage/marsorbitermission/marsorbitermission/mangalyaan-on-track-no-path-correction-in-august/sp-article10-1247284.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2014 |title=Mangalyaan on track, no path correction in August |work=Hindustan Times |first=Vanita |last=Srivastava |date=1 August 2014}}</ref>
|
|<ref name=TPS-EL/><ref name="THin"/>
|- style="background:#E6E6FA;"
| 22 September 2014
| 3rd Trajectory correction
|Burn time: 4 sec
|Success
|<ref name=TPS-EL/><ref name="THin"/><ref name="TestFire">{{cite press release |url=http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Sep22_2014 |title=Mars Orbiter Spacecraft's Main Liquid Engine Successfully Test Fired |publisher=ISRO |date=22 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924044216/http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Sep22_2014 |archive-date=24 September 2014}}</ref>
|- style="background:#90EE90"
| '''[[Areocentric orbit|Areocentric]] phase'''
| 24 September 2014
| Mars orbit insertion
| Burn time: 1388.67 sec
|Success
| <ref name = "Isroprel"/>
|}
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| width = 300
| header = Animation of Mars Orbiter Mission
| image1 = Animation of Mars Orbiter Mission trajectory around Earth.gif
| caption1 = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]] phase
| image2 = Animation of Mars Orbiter Mission trajectory.gif
| caption2 = [[Heliocentric orbit|Heliocentric]] phase
| image3 = Animation of Mars Orbiter Mission trajectory around Mars.gif
| caption3 = [[Areocentric orbit|Areocentric]] phase
| footer = {{legend2|magenta|Mars Orbiter Mission}}{{·}}{{legend2|Lime|[[Mars]]}}{{·}}{{legend2|RoyalBlue|[[Earth]]}}{{·}}{{legend2|Yellow|[[Sun]]}}
| total_width =
| alt1 =
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===Launch===
[[File:Mars Orbitor Mission Launch.jpg|thumb|left|Launch of the Mars Orbiter Mission]]
ISRO originally intended to launch MOM with its [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (GSLV),<ref name="Lakdawalla Oct 30">{{cite news |url =http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2013/10311230-india-prepares-to-take-flight-faq.html |title=India prepares to take flight to Mars with the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) |publisher=The Planetary Society |first=Emily |last=Lakdawalla |author-link=Emily Lakdawalla |date=31 October 2013 |access-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> but the GSLV failed twice in 2010 and still had issues with its [[cryogenic engine]].<ref>{{Cite web| url =https://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/20130729-india-prepares-to-return.html|title=India prepares to return troubled rocket to flight| website =www.planetary.org| access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref> Waiting for the new batch of rockets would have delayed the MOM for at least three years,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/isros-mars-mission-why-mangalyaans-path-is-full-of-riders-215625.html |title=Isro's Mars Mission: Why Mangalyaan's path is full of riders |work=Tech2 |date=6 November 2013 |access-date=2 December 2013 |archive-date=19 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119232053/http://tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/isros-mars-mission-why-mangalyaans-path-is-full-of-riders-215625.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> so ISRO opted to switch to the less-powerful [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV). Since it was not powerful enough to place MOM on a direct-to-Mars trajectory, the spacecraft was launched into a highly elliptical Earth orbit and used its own thrusters over multiple perigee burns (to take advantage of the [[Oberth effect]]) to place itself on a [[Trans-Mars injection|trans-Mars trajectory]].<ref name="Lakdawalla Oct 30"/>

On 19 October 2013, ISRO chairman [[K. Radhakrishnan]] announced that the launch had to be postponed by a week for 5 November 2013 due to a delay of a crucial telemetry ship reaching [[Fiji]]. The launch was rescheduled.<ref name="launch"/> ISRO's PSLV-XL placed the satellite into Earth orbit at 09:50&nbsp;UTC on 5 November 2013,<ref name=Chennai/> with a perigee of {{convert|264.1|km|abbr=on}}, an apogee of {{convert|23903.6|km|abbr=on}}, and inclination of 19.20 degrees,<ref name="ET0611">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/mars-mission-on-track-orbit-to-be-raised-on-thursday/articleshow/25317904.cms |title=Mars Mission on track; orbit to be raised on Thursday |work=The Economic Times |agency=Press Trust of India |date=6 November 2013}}</ref> with both the antenna and all three sections of the solar panel arrays deployed.<ref name="TOI0611">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mars-mission-Scientists-start-raising-Mangalyaans-orbit/articleshow/25338759.cms |title=Mars mission: Scientists start raising Mangalyaan's orbit |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |first=Arun |last=Ram |date=7 November 2013}}</ref> During the first three orbit raising operations, ISRO progressively tested the spacecraft systems.<ref name="TOI111113-1">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Mars-mission-After-glitch-Isro-plans-supplementary-orbit-raising-operation-tomorrow/articleshow/25590366.cms |title=Mars mission: After glitch, Isro plans supplementary orbit-raising operation tomorrow |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |first=Ch. Sushil |last=Rao |date=11 November 2013}}</ref>

The orbiter's dry mass is {{convert|482.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and it carried {{convert|852|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of fuel at launch.<ref name="Arunan2015" /><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.ursc.gov.in/interplanetary/html/mars.jsp|title=MARS Orbiter Mission|website=www.ursc.gov.in|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/indias-mars-mission-to-enter-mars-orbit-on-september-24/article6413143.ece|title=India to enter Mars orbit on September 24|last=Ians|date=2014-09-15|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-02|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Its main engine, a derivative of the system used on India's communications satellites, uses the bipropellant combination [[monomethylhydrazine]] and [[dinitrogen tetroxide]] to achieve the thrust necessary for [[escape velocity]] from Earth. It was also used to slow down the probe for Mars orbit insertion and, subsequently, for orbit corrections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/isro-successfully-testfires-vital-engine-mars-orbiter-on-final-lap-46514|title=ISRO successfully test-fires vital engine; Mars orbiter on final lap|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|language=en|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref>

'''Models used for MOM:'''<ref name="JPL_MDNAV">{{cite web|url=http://issfd.org/2015/files/downloads/papers/001_Helfrich.pdf|title=A journey with MOM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223212016/http://issfd.org/2015/files/downloads/papers/001_Helfrich.pdf|archive-date=23 February 2019|access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Planetary Ephemeris ||[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris|DE-424]]
|-
| Satellite Ephemeris|| MAR063
|-
| Gravity Model (Earth) || GGM02C (100x100)
|-
| Gravity Model (Moon) || GRAIL360b6a (20x20)
|-
| Gravity Model (Mars) || MRO95A (95x95)
|-
| Earth Atmosphere || ISRO: DTM 2012<br />JPL : DTM 2010
|-
| Mars Atmosphere || MarsGram 2005
|-
| DSN Station Plate Motion || ITRF1993 frame, plate motion epoch 01-Jan-2003 00:00 UTC
|}

===Orbit raising manoeuvres===
[[File:Mars Orbiter Mission ISRO English.svg|thumb|Orbit trajectory diagram (not to scale)]]
Several orbit raising operations were conducted from the [[Master Control Facility|Spacecraft Control Centre]] (SCC) at the [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network]] (ISTRAC) at Peenya, Bengaluru on 6, 7, 8, 10, 12 and 16 November by using the spacecraft's on-board propulsion system and a series of perigee burns. The first three of the five planned orbit raising manoeuvres were completed with nominal results, while the fourth was only partially successful. However, a subsequent supplementary manoeuvre raised the orbit to the intended altitude aimed for in the original fourth manoeuvre. A total of six burns were completed while the spacecraft remained in Earth orbit, with a seventh burn conducted on 30 November to insert MOM into a [[Heliocentric orbit|heliocentric]] [[Mars transfer orbit|orbit]] for its transit to Mars.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's MOM spacecraft arrives at Mars|first=Chris|last=Gebhardt|date=23 September 2014|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/09/draft-indias-mom-spacecraft-arrive-mars |work=[[NASASpaceFlight.com]] |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118191824/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/09/draft-indias-mom-spacecraft-arrive-mars/ |archive-date=18 January 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first orbit-raising manoeuvre was performed on 6 November 2013 at 19:47&nbsp;UTC when the spacecraft's {{convert|440|N|adj=on}} [[Liquid-propellant rocket|liquid]] engine was fired for 416 seconds. With this engine firing, the spacecraft's [[apogee]] was raised to {{convert|28825|km|mi|abbr=on}}, with a [[perigee]] of {{convert|252|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="TOI_0713">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Isro-scientists-raise-orbit-of-Mars-spacecraft/articleshow/25368028.cms |title=Isro scientists raise orbit of Mars spacecraft |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |first=Arun |last=Ram |date=7 November 2013}}</ref>

The second orbit raising manoeuvre was performed on 7 November 2013 at 20:48&nbsp;UTC, with a burn time of 570.6 seconds resulting in an apogee of {{convert|40186|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="MOM_Updates">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/mars/updates.aspx |title=Mars Orbiter Mission: Latest Updates |publisher=ISRO |date=8 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108022139/http://www.isro.org/mars/updates.aspx |archive-date=8 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="IE0813">{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/second-orbit-raising-manoeuvre-on-mars-mission-performed/1192410/ |title=Second orbit raising manoeuvre on Mars Mission performed |work=Indian Express |agency=Press Trust of India |date=8 November 2013}}</ref>

The third orbit raising manoeuvre was performed on 8 November 2013 at 20:40&nbsp;UTC, with a burn time of 707 seconds, resulting in an apogee of {{convert|71636|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name = "MOM_Updates"/><ref name="HT0911">{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/space/isro-successfully-completes-third-orbit-raising-manoeuvre-of-mars-probe_888761.html |title=India's Mars probe performs third orbit raising manoeuvre |work=Zee News |agency=Zee Media Bureau |first=Philaso G. |last=Kaping |date=9 November 2013}}</ref>

The fourth orbit raising manoeuvre, starting at 20:36&nbsp;UTC on 10 November 2013, imparted a [[delta-v]] of {{convert|35|m/s|abbr=on}} to the spacecraft instead of the planned {{convert|135|m/s|abbr=on}} as a result of underburn by the motor.<ref name="TOI111113">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Mars-mission-faces-first-hurdle-4th-orbit-raising-operation-falls-short-of-target/articleshow/25584362.cms |title=Mars mission faces first hurdle, 4th orbit-raising operation falls short of target |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |first=Ch. Sushil |last=Rao |date=11 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="TPS111013">{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2013/11102001-a-hiccup-for-mars-orbiter-mission.html |title=A hiccup in the orbital maneuvers for Mars Orbiter Mission |publisher=The Planetary Society |first=Emily |last=Lakdawalla |author-link=Emily Lakdawalla |date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Because of this, the apogee was boosted to {{convert|78276|km|mi|abbr=on}} instead of the planned {{convert|100000|km|mi|-3|abbr=on}}.<ref name="TOI111113"/> When testing the redundancies built-in for the propulsion system, the flow to the liquid engine stopped, with consequent reduction in incremental velocity. During the fourth orbit burn, the primary and redundant coils of the solenoid flow control valve of 440 newton liquid engine and logic for thrust augmentation by the attitude control thrusters were being tested. When both primary and redundant coils were energised together during the planned modes, the flow to the liquid engine stopped. Operating both the coils simultaneously is not possible for future operations, however they could be operated independently of each other, in sequence.<ref name="TOI111113-1"/>

As a result of the fourth planned burn coming up short, an additional unscheduled burn was performed on 12 November 2013 that increased the apogee to {{convert|118642|km|mi|abbr=on}},<ref name="MOM_Updates"/><ref name="TOI111113-1"/> a slightly higher altitude than originally intended in the fourth manoeuvre.<ref name="MOM_Updates"/><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Mars-mission-Isro-performs-last-orbit-raising-manoeuvre/articleshow/25862187.cms |title=Mars mission: Isro performs last orbit-raising manoeuvre |work=The Times of India |agency=Press Trust of India |date=16 November 2013 |access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref> The apogee was raised to {{convert|192874|km|mi|abbr=on}} on 15 November 2013, 19:57&nbsp;UTC in the final orbit raising manoeuvre.<ref name="MOM_Updates"/><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>

===Trans-Mars injection===
{{further|Trans-Mars injection}}

On 30 November 2013 at 19:19&nbsp;UTC, a 23-minute engine firing initiated the [[Hohmann transfer orbit|transfer]] of MOM away from Earth orbit and on [[heliocentric orbit]] toward Mars.<ref name="isro20131202"/> The probe travelled a distance of {{convert|780000000|km|mi}} to reach Mars.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/pslv/c25/131105launch/ |title=Indian spacecraft soars on historic journey to Mars |work=Spaceflight Now |first=Stephen |last=Clark |date=5 November 2013}}</ref>

=== Trajectory correction maneuvers ===
Four trajectory corrections were originally planned, but only three were carried out.<ref name=TPS-EL/> The first trajectory correction manoeuvre (TCM) was carried out on 11 December 2013 at 01:00 UTC by firing the {{convert|22|N|adj=on}} thrusters for a duration of 40.5 seconds.<ref name="MOM_Updates"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-18 |title=Mars Orbiter spent 55% of the total fuel so far: ISRO scientist |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gujarat/mars-orbiter-spent-55-of-the-total-fuel-so-far-isro-scientist/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817025018/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gujarat/mars-orbiter-spent-55-of-the-total-fuel-so-far-isro-scientist/ |archive-date=17 August 2014 |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> After this event, MOM was following the designed trajectory so closely that the trajectory correction manoeuvre planned in April 2014 was not required. The second trajectory correction manoeuvre was performed on 11 June 2014 at 11:00 UTC by firing the spacecraft's 22 newton thrusters for 16 seconds.<ref name=update_june>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-12/news/50536605_1_mars-orbiter-mission-mars-orbit-insertion-indian-deep-space-network |title=ISRO performs TCM-2 on Mars Orbiter Mission |work=The Economic Times |agency=Press Trust of India |date=12 June 2014 |access-date=5 July 2014}}</ref> The third planned trajectory correction manoeuvre was postponed, due to the orbiter's trajectory closely matching the planned trajectory.<ref name=update_tcm_august>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/coverage/marsorbitermission/marsorbitermission/mangalyaan-on-track-no-path-correction-in-august/sp-article10-1247284.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913231649/http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/coverage/marsorbitermission/marsorbitermission/mangalyaan-on-track-no-path-correction-in-august/sp-article10-1247284.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2014 |title=Mangalyaan on track, no path correction in August |work=Hindustan Times |first=Vanita |last=Srivastava |date=1 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> The third trajectory correction was also a deceleration test 3.9 seconds long on 22 September 2014.<ref name="TestFire"/>

===Mars orbit insertion===
The plan was for an insertion into [[Areocentric orbit|Mars orbit]] on 24 September 2014,<ref name="prelaunch Oct 2013"/><ref name="MOI">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/mars/pdf/press%20briefing%20on%20MOI.pdf |title=Mars Orbit Insertion |publisher=ISRO |first=V. Koteswara |last=Rao |date=15 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924045734/http://www.isro.org/mars/pdf/press%20briefing%20on%20MOI.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2014}}</ref> approximately 2 days after the arrival of NASA's [[MAVEN]] orbiter.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/23204-india-mars-orbiter-mission.html |title=India's First Mission to Mars to Launch This Month |work=Space.com |first=Leonard |last=David |date=15 October 2013}}</ref> The 440-newton liquid apogee motor was test fired on 22 September at 09:00 UTC for 3.968 seconds, about 41 hours before actual orbit insertion.<ref name="MOI"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/sci-tech/mars-orbiter-mission-isro-to-test-fire-engine-today_1473833.html |title=Mars Orbiter Mission: ISRO to test fire engine today |work=Zee News |agency=Zee Media Bureau |first=Ritu |last=Singh |date=22 September 2014 |access-date=22 September 2014 |ref=zee9}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mars-spacecraft-test-fired-successfully-to-enter-red-planets-orbit-on-Wednesday/articleshow/43150229.cms |title=Mars spacecraft test-fired successfully, to enter red planet's orbit on Wednesday |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |first=Arun |last=Ram |date=22 September 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Date
!Time (UTC)
!Event
|-
| rowspan=1 | 23 September 2014
|10:47:32
|Satellite communication switched to medium gain antenna
|-
| rowspan=5 | 24 September 2014
|01:26:32
|Forward rotation started for deceleration burn
|-
|01:42:19
|Eclipse started
|-
|01:44:32
|[[Spacecraft attitude control|Attitude control]] manoeuvre performed with thrusters
|-
|01:47:32
|Liquid Apogee Motor starts firing
|-
|02:11:46
|Liquid Apogee Motor stops firing
|}

After these events, the spacecraft performed a reverse manoeuvre to reorient from its deceleration burn and entered Martian orbit.<ref name="Isroprel"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/8916/india%E2%80%99s-maiden-mars-mission-makes-history |title=India's Maiden Mars Mission Makes History |publisher=Bloomberg TV India |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413203103/http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/8916/india%E2%80%99s-maiden-mars-mission-makes-history |archive-date=13 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="wapo20140924">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/india-is-the-first-asian-nation-to-touch-mars-orbit-joins-elite-global-space-club/2014/09/23/b6bc6992-a432-4f1e-87ad-5d6fc4da3460_story.html |title=India becomes first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit, joins elite global space club |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Rama |last=Lakshmi |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref>

==Status==
[[File:The Chairman, ISRO, Shri A.S. Kiran Kumar releasing the Mars Atlas on the occasion of the completion of one year of Mars Orbiter Mission in Orbit, in Bangalore. The Scientific Secretary, ISRO, Dr. Y.V.N. Krishnamoorthy.jpg|thumb|The chairman, ISRO, Shri A.S. Kiran Kumar releasing the Mars Atlas on the occasion of the completion of one year of Mars Orbiter Mission in Orbit, in Bengaluru. The Scientific Secretary, ISRO, Dr. Y.V.N. Krishnamoorthy]]

The orbit insertion put MOM in a highly elliptical orbit around Mars, as planned, with a period of 72 hours 51 minutes 51 seconds, a [[periapsis]] of {{convert|421.7|km|mi|abbr=on}} and [[apoapsis]] of {{convert|76993.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name = "Isroprel"/> At the end of the orbit insertion, MOM was left with {{convert|40|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} of fuel on board, more than the {{convert|20|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} necessary for a six-month mission.<ref name="momlife">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Mars-Orbiter-Mission-looks-to-sniff-methane-on-comet/articleshow/43476830.cms |title=Mars Orbiter Mission looks to sniff methane on comet |year=2014 |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 October 2014 |location=India}}</ref>

On 28 September 2014, MOM controllers published the spacecraft's first global view of Mars. The image was captured by the Mars Colour Camera (MCC).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2014/09290843-mars-orbiter-mission-delivers.html |title=Mars Orbiter Mission delivers on promise of global views of Mars |publisher=The Planetary Society |first=Emily |last=Lakdawalla |date=29 September 2014}}</ref>

On 7 October 2014, the ISRO altered MOM's orbit so as to move it behind Mars for [[C/2013 A1|comet Siding Spring's]] flyby of the planet on 19 October 2014. The spacecraft consumed {{convert|1.9|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} of fuel for the manoeuvre. As a result, MOM's apoapsis was reduced to {{convert|72000|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="planetary">{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2014/1009-mars-orbiter-mission-shifts.html |title=Mars Orbiter Mission shifts orbit to take cover from Siding Spring |publisher=The Planetary Society |first=Srinivas |last=Laxman |date=9 October 2014}}</ref> After the comet passed by Mars, ISRO reported that MOM remained healthy.<ref name="hindu20141021">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/im-safe-and-sound-tweets-mom-after-comet-sighting/article6520803.ece |title=I'm safe and sound, tweets MOM after comet sighting |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 October 2014 |access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref>

On 4 March 2015, the ISRO reported that the MSM instrument was functioning normally and are studying Mars' [[albedo]], the reflectivity of the planet's surface. The Mars Colour Camera was also returning new images of the Martian surface.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mars-Orbiter-Mission-sends-fresh-pictures-methane-sensors-are-working-fine/articleshow/46453692.cms |title=Mars Orbiter Mission sends fresh pictures, methane sensors are working fine |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |first=Chethan |last=Kumar |date=26 September 2014 |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2015/03040850-mars-orbiter-mission-methane.html |title=Mars Orbiter Mission Methane Sensor for Mars is at work |publisher=The Planetary Society |first=Emily |last=Lakdawalla |date=4 March 2015 |access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>

On 24 March 2015, MOM completed its initial six-month mission in orbit around Mars. ISRO extended the mission by an additional six months; the spacecraft has {{convert|37|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of propellant remaining and all five of its scientific instruments are working properly.<ref name="extension 1">{{cite news |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mars-orbiter-mission-red-planet-nasa-maven/1/425499.html |title=Mars Orbiter Mission extended for another 6 months |work=India Today |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=24 March 2015 |access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> The orbiter can reportedly continue orbiting Mars for several years with its remaining propellant.<ref name="indexpress20150415">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mangalyaan-can-survive-for-years-in-martian-orbit-isro-chief/ |title=Mangalyaan can survive for 'years' in Martian orbit: ISRO chief |work=The Indian Express |agency=Express News Service |date=15 April 2015 |access-date=16 April 2015}}</ref>

A 17-day communications blackout occurred from 6 to 22 June 2015 while Mars' orbit took it behind the Sun from Earth's view.<ref name="Ajey"/>{{rp|52}}

On 24 September 2015, ISRO released its ''Mars Atlas'', a 120-page scientific [[atlas]] containing images and data from the Mars Orbiter Mission's first year in orbit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/space/isro-releases-mars-atlas-to-mark-mangalyaans-first-birthday-in-space_1801594.html |title=ISRO releases Mars atlas to mark Mangalyaan's first birthday in space |work=Zee News |agency=Zee Media Bureau |date=24 September 2015 |access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref>

In March 2016, the first science results of the mission were published in ''[[Geophysical Research Letters]]'', presenting measurements obtained by the spacecraft's MENCA instrument of the [[Atmosphere of Mars|Martian exosphere]].<ref name="planetary20160302">{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2016/0225-menca-brings-divine-wealth.html |title=MENCA brings divine wealth from Mars: First science results from the Mars Orbiter Mission |publisher=The Planetary Society |first=Syed Maqbool |last=Ahmed |date=2 March 2016 |access-date=31 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Bhardwaj2016">{{cite journal |title=On the evening time exosphere of Mars: Result from MENCA aboard Mars Orbiter Mission |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |first1=Anil |last1=Bhardwaj |first2=Smitha V. |last2=Thampi |first3=Tirtha Pratim |last3=Das |first4=M. B. |last4=Dhanya |first5=Neha |last5=Naik |first6=Dinakar Prasad |last6=Vajja |first7=P. |last7=Pradeepkumar |first8=P. |last8=Sreelatha |first9=G. |last9=Supriya |first10=Abhishek J. |last10=K. |first11=S. V. |last11=Mohankumar |first12=R. Satheesh |last12=Thampi |first13=Vipin K. |last13=Yadav |first14=B. |last14=Sundar |first15=Amarnath |last15=Nandi |first16=G. Padma |last16=Padmanabhan |first17=A. V. |last17=Aliyas |display-authors=5 |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=1862–1867 |date=March 2016 |doi=10.1002/2016GL067707 |bibcode=2016GeoRL..43.1862B|doi-access=free }}</ref>

During 18 to 30 May 2016, a communication whiteout occurred with Earth coming directly between Sun and Mars. Due to high solar radiation, sending commands to spacecraft was avoided and payload operations were suspended.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/mom-successfully-came-out-of-%E2%80%98whiteout%E2%80%99-phase|title=MOM successfully came out of 'whiteout' Phase – ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2019-10-11|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803180307/https://www.isro.gov.in/mom-successfully-came-out-of-%E2%80%98whiteout%E2%80%99-phase|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 17 January 2017, MOM's orbit was altered to avoid the impending eclipse season. With a burn of eight 22 N thrusters for 431 seconds, resulting in a velocity difference of {{convert|97.5|m/s|km/h}} using {{convert|20|kg|lb}} of propellant (leaving 13&nbsp;kg remaining), eclipses were avoided until September 2017. The battery is able to handle eclipses of up to 100 minutes.<ref name="2017-01-24_SD">{{cite news |url=http://www.marsdaily.com/reports/Long_Eclipse_Avoidance_Manoeuvres_Performed_Successfully_on_MOM_Spacecraft_999.html |title=Long Eclipse Avoidance Manoeuvres Performed Successfully on MOM Spacecraft |work=Mars Daily |date=24 January 2017 |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref>

On 19 May 2017, MOM reached 1,000 days (973 [[Timekeeping on Mars#Sols|sols]]) in orbit around Mars. In that time, the spacecraft completed 388 orbits of the planet and relayed more than 715 images back to Earth. ISRO officials stated that it remains in good health.<ref name="hindustan20170619">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/health/india-s-mars-orbiter-completes-1000-days-in-orbit-and-is-still-going-strong/story-fcswttvZZDtSq7BDzei3qI.html |title=India's Mars Orbiter completes 1000 days in orbit and is still going strong |work=Hindustan Times |first=Malavika |last=Vyawahare |date=19 June 2017 |access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref>

On 24 September 2018, MOM completed 4 years in its orbit around Mars, although the designed mission life was only six months. Over these years, MOM's Mars Colour Camera has captured over 980 images that were released to the public. The probe is still in good health and continues to work nominally.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-sep-2018/mars-orbiter-mission-mom-completes-4-years-its-orbit |title=Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) completes 4 years in its orbit |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |date=24 September 2018 |access-date=28 September 2018 |archive-date=9 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509170457/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-sep-2018/mars-orbiter-mission-mom-completes-4-years-its-orbit |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 24 September 2019, MOM completed 5 years in orbit around Mars, sending 2 terabytes of imaging data, and had enough propellant to complete another year in orbit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/science/isros-mars-mission-mangalyaan-completes-5-years-was-meant-to-last-only-6-months-2106873|title=ISRO's Mars Mission Completes 5 Years, Was Meant To Last Only 6 Months|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref>

On 1 July 2020, MOM was able to capture a photo of the Mars satellite [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]] from 4200&nbsp;km away.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Phobos imaged by MOM on 1st July|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission/phobos-imaged-mom-1st-july|work=Indian Space Research Organisation|date=2020-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705020859/https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission/phobos-imaged-mom-1st-july|archive-date=2020-07-05|access-date=2020-07-06}}</ref>

On 18 July 2021 Mars Colour Camera (MCC) captured full disc image of Mars from an altitude of about 75,000&nbsp;km with spatial resolution about 3.7&nbsp;km.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mars full disc image by MCC – ISRO|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission/mars-full-disc-image-mcc|access-date=2021-12-29|website=www.isro.gov.in|quote=Full disc of Mars was imaged by Mars Colour Camera (MCC) of MOM on 18 July 2021 from an altitude of about 75,000km from Mars. The spatial resolution of the image is about 3.7 Km. Mars is seen entering in summer solstice in the northern hemisphere and it brings changes to the Martian ice caps, much of the ice cap is seen vaporized, adding water and carbon di-oxide to the atmosphere. Afternoon clouds are visible over Tempe Terra and near Martian North Polar region. Smaller cloud patches could also be seen over Naochis Terra region in the southern hemisphere.|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229124655/https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission/mars-full-disc-image-mcc|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In October 2022, ISRO admitted that it has lost the communication with MOM in April 2022, when it faced increasingly longer duration eclipses, including a seven-hour long eclipse that it was not designed to withstand. ISRO said the spacecraft was likely out of propellant and not recoverable.<ref name="ISRO_PR_EOL"/><ref name="PTI_MOM_EOM"/><ref name="toi-20221002"/>

<gallery class="center" heights="140px" mode="packed">
File:One of the first images of the surface of Mars taken by the Mangalyaan on September 25, 2014.jpg|One of the first images of the surface of Mars taken by MOM on 25 September 2014
File:Arsia Mons - Mars Orbiter Mission (30108068296).png|Mars Orbiter Mission's image of [[Arsia Mons]]
File:Tharsis and Valles Marineris - Mars Orbiter Mission (30055660701).png|Image of [[Tharsis]] and [[Valles Marineris]] by MOM
File:Mars as seen from Mangalyaan (MOM).png|Mars as seen from MOM
File:Syrtis Major - Mars Orbiter Mission (29512601624).png|Three frame Mars Orbiter Mission Mars Color Camera mosaic of the [[Syrtis Major Planum|Syrtis Major]] region on 24 September 2015.
File:NorthMars.jpg|North Pole
</gallery>

==Recognition==
[[File:Both sides of ₹2,000 Indian rupee bank note.jpg|thumb|Illustration of Mars Orbiter Mission on the reverse side of [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] {{INR}}2000 banknote]]

In 2014, China referred to India's successful Mars Orbiter Mission as the "Pride of Asia".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/china-heralds-indias-mars-mission-mangalyaan-pride-asia-1466953 |title=China Heralds India's Mars Mission Mangalyaan as 'Pride of Asia' |work=[[International Business Times]] |last=Sridharan |first=Vasudevan |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref> The Mars Orbiter Mission team won US-based [[National Space Society]]'s 2015 [[Space Pioneer Awards|Space Pioneer Award]] in the science and engineering category. NSS said the award was given as the Indian agency successfully executed a Mars mission in its first attempt; and the spacecraft is in an elliptical orbit with a high apoapsis where, with its high resolution camera, it is taking full-disk colour imagery of Mars. Very few full disk images have ever been taken in the past, mostly on approach to the planet, as most imaging is done looking straight down in mapping mode. These images will aid planetary scientists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.nss.org/?p=4622 |title=Indian Space Research Organization Mars Orbiter Programme Team Wins National Space Society's Space Pioneer Award for Science and Engineering |publisher=National Space Society |first=David |last=Brandt-Erichsen |date=12 January 2015 |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202002327/http://blog.nss.org/?p=4622 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isro-mars-orbiter-mission-team-wins-space-pioneer-award-726885 |title=ISRO Mars Orbiter Mission Team Wins Space Pioneer Award |work=NDTV |agency=Press Trust of India |date=14 January 2015 |access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/2015-space-pioneer-award-was-presented-to-isro-mars-orbiter-mission |title=2015 Space Pioneer Award was presented to ISRO for Mars Orbiter Mission |work=ISRO |date=20 May 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=9 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609122934/http://www.isro.gov.in/2015-space-pioneer-award-was-presented-to-isro-mars-orbiter-mission |url-status=dead }}</ref>

An illustration of the Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft is featured on the reverse of the [[Indian 2000-rupee note|{{INR|2,000}} currency note]] of India.<ref name="Firstpost 2016">{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/rs-500-and-rs-1000-banned-new-rs-2000-currency-note-to-feature-mangalyaan-raised-bleed-lines-3095624.html |title=Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 banned: New Rs 2,000 currency note to feature Mangalyaan, raised bleed lines |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=8 November 2016 |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

An image taken by the Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft was the cover photo of the November 2016 issue of ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' magazine, for their story "Mars: Race to the Red Planet".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/india-eyes-return-mars-and-first-run-venus |title=India eyes a return to Mars and a first run at Venus |work=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |first=Pallava |last=Bagla |date=17 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://press.nationalgeographic.com/2016/10/10/national-geographic-magazine-november-2016/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019165705/http://press.nationalgeographic.com/2016/10/10/national-geographic-magazine-november-2016/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 October 2016 |title=''National Geographic'' (cover) |magazine=[[National Geographic]] |date=November 2016}}</ref>

==Follow-up mission==
ISRO plans to develop and launch a follow-up mission called [[Mars Orbiter Mission 2]] (MOM-2 or ''Mangalyaan-2'') with a greater scientific payload to Mars in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mangalyaan, India's first Mars mission|url=https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/mangalyaan|first=Jatan |last=Mehta|access-date=12 November 2022|publisher=Planetary Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |url=http://cospar2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/COSPAR-2018-Abstract-Book_July21-2018-UPDATE.pdf |conference=42nd Committee on Space Research Scientific Assembly |location=Pasadena, CA |title=Scientific Assembly Abstracts |date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727174145/http://cospar2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/COSPAR-2018-Abstract-Book_July21-2018-UPDATE.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="tecake20160128">{{cite news |url=http://tecake.in/news/space/india-join-hands-france-next-mars-mission-scheduled-2020-16964.html |title=India's French Connection: CNES and ISRO jointly will develop Mangalyaan 2 |work=The TeCake |first=Kanishk |last=Singh |date=28 January 2016 |access-date=29 March 2016 |archive-date=24 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024155302/http://tecake.in/news/space/india-join-hands-france-next-mars-mission-scheduled-2020-16964.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The orbiter will use [[aerobraking]] to reduce [[apoapsis]] of its initial orbit and reach an altitude more suitable for scientific observation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/With-82-launches-in-a-go-Isro-to-rocket-into-record-books/articleshow/55123860.cms |title=With 82 launches in a go, Isro to rocket into record books |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |first=Srinivas |last=Laxman |date=29 October 2016 |access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* The 2019 Hindi film ''[[Mission Mangal]]'' is loosely based on India's mission to Mars.<ref>{{cite web|title='Mission Mangal' Tells the True Story of the Women Behind India's First Mission to Mars|url=https://www.space.com/mission-mangal-true-story-women-india-mars.html|first=Chelsea |last=Gohd|website=[[Space.com]] |date=23 August 2019|access-date=12 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-10 |title=Before ALTBalaji's Mission Over Mars, meet the real women behind Mars Orbiter Mission |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/before-altbalaji-mission-over-mars-meet-the-real-women-behind-mars-orbiter-mission-5981941/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*A web series called ''[[Mission Over Mars]]'' is loosely based on India's Mars mission.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-11 |title=Ekta Kapoor's MOM Mission Over Mars features wrong rocket on its poster |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ekta-kapoor-mars-mission-show-features-wrong-rocket-on-its-poster-5775843/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekta Kapoor's M.O.M – Mission Over Mars Poster Has A Rocket Oopsie |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ekta-kapoors-m-o-m-mission-over-mars-poster-has-a-rocket-oopsie-2051808 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
* ''Space MOMs,'' released online in 2019, is based on India's Mars mission.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2018-12-01 |title=Radha Bharadwaj discusses her film 'Space MOMs', and why she's at loggerheads with Akshay Kumar's production 'Mission Mangal' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/radha-bharadwaj-discusses-her-film-space-moms-and-why-shes-at-loggerheads-with-akshay-kumars-production-mission-mangal/article25642148.ece |access-date=2023-09-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* ''Mission Mars: Keep Walking India'' is a short film released in 2018 based on India's Mars mission.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-11 |title=Actor Imran Khan don's the director's hat for a short film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/actor-imran-khan-debuts-as-a-director-with-this-short-film/story-ckX4q1s9wyNVUlwJU2bGiN.html |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-18 |title=Johnnie Walker launches Imran Khan's directorial debut 'Mission Mars: Keep Walking India |url=https://www.gqindia.com/story/johnnie-walker-launches-imran-khans-directorial-debut-mission-mars-keep-walking-india/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Department of Space}}
* {{annotated link|ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter}}
* [[Venus Orbiter Mission]]
* [[List of ISRO missions]]
* [[List of Mars orbiters]]
* [[List of missions to Mars]]
* {{annotated link|Mars Express}}
{{clear}}

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

]]

Revision as of 07:24, 13 May 2024

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